Question

Based on stiffness criteria, the material cost can be optimized by reducing the.​

Answer 1

Answer:

surface area

Explanation:

this is important

Answer 2

Explanation:

The local and nonlocal damage models are easily implemented in finite element codes which uses the initial stiffness or secant stiffness algorithm. The reason is that the constitutive relations are provided in a total strain format. Compared to the local damage model, the nonlocal model requires some additional programming to compute spatial averages. These quantities are computed according to the same mesh discretization and quadrature as for solving the equilibrium equations. To speed the computation, a table in which, for each gauss point, its neighbors and their weight are stored can be constructed at the time of mesh generation. This table will be used for any subsequent computation, provided the mesh is not changed. Attention should also be paid to axes of symmetry: as opposed to structural boundaries where the averaging region lying outside the structure is chopped, a special averaging procedure is needed to account for material points that are not represented in the finite element model.

The implementation of the nonlocal model in an incremental format is awkward. The local tangent stiffness operator relating incremental strains to incremental stresses becomes nonsymmetric, and, more importantly, its bandwidth can be very large because of nonlocal interactions.