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give an account of sexual reproduction in fungi??
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hey mate your answer is here
Reproduction of fungi
The fungal life cycle of the fungi has two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Some fungi show only one known reproduction type. Asexual forms (anamorph) were often described separately and given different names than the sexual form (teleomoph). The complete form having both reproductive forms is called a holomorph. Fungi known only as anamorphs were previously grouped into the form-group Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). This group is not used anymore, because with molecular phylogenetic techniques the systematic position of a fungus can be determined even if the sexual structures are not known.
. General characteristics of sexual reproduction of fungi
Meiotic development of haploid nuclei, their fusion, and the emerging diploid nuclei or zygote are the key-steps of sexual reproduction. If a diploid nucleus/cell undergoes further mitotic divisions, we consider that as the diploid phase of the life cycle. The haploid nuclei/cells arise from the meiosis of the diploid nuclei, and if the haploid cells go through mitotic cell divisions, that is the haploid phase of the life cycle. A life cycle is considered as haplo-diploid if both phases exist. Generally a phase exists if mitotic cell divisions happen in that nuclear-state. If the first division of the diploid zygote/nucleus is meiotic, the nuclei return to the haploid state immediately and the life cycle is haploid. The life cycle is diploid when only the haploid cells/nuclei represent the haploid state and fuse after they arise from a meiosis. Both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have a special phase in their life cycle, the dikaryotic phase, when two haploid nuclei are in one hyphal segment. These dikaryotic hyphae develop when two monokaryotic cells or hyphae fuse (somatogamy or plasmogamy) but their nuclei do not.
When a monokaryotic haploid stage is represented by distinct cells that fuse, we term them gametes and the fusion is called gametogamy. The gametes can develop in special structures termed a gametangium.
The differences necessary for successful sexual reproduction of fungi are represented by mating types. Homothallic fungi can sexually reproduce even if only one strain originating from the same meiospore/hypha is present, whereas heterothallic fungi require two different compatible mating types to complete sexual reproduction. Mating types are determined by mating loci (MAT loci). Homothallism has several modes, the simplest being when one version of the MAT locus and the strains/cells containing it are compatible and can undergo sexual reproduction. The main modes of heterothallism are grouped according to the number of MAT loci. The simplest version has one MAT locus with two types (alleles) and two strains/cells with different MAT loci can successfully complete sexual reproduction. This type is the bipolar heterothallism. In tetrapolar heterothallism two MAT loci with at least two alleles determine the mating type. Two strains/cells can complete sexual reproduction only if both MAT loci are different. Several genes can function as MAT loci; often they code pheromones and their receptors or regulate genes coding such products.
Reproduction of fungi
The fungal life cycle of the fungi has two main types of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Some fungi show only one known reproduction type. Asexual forms (anamorph) were often described separately and given different names than the sexual form (teleomoph). The complete form having both reproductive forms is called a holomorph. Fungi known only as anamorphs were previously grouped into the form-group Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti). This group is not used anymore, because with molecular phylogenetic techniques the systematic position of a fungus can be determined even if the sexual structures are not known.
. General characteristics of sexual reproduction of fungi
Meiotic development of haploid nuclei, their fusion, and the emerging diploid nuclei or zygote are the key-steps of sexual reproduction. If a diploid nucleus/cell undergoes further mitotic divisions, we consider that as the diploid phase of the life cycle. The haploid nuclei/cells arise from the meiosis of the diploid nuclei, and if the haploid cells go through mitotic cell divisions, that is the haploid phase of the life cycle. A life cycle is considered as haplo-diploid if both phases exist. Generally a phase exists if mitotic cell divisions happen in that nuclear-state. If the first division of the diploid zygote/nucleus is meiotic, the nuclei return to the haploid state immediately and the life cycle is haploid. The life cycle is diploid when only the haploid cells/nuclei represent the haploid state and fuse after they arise from a meiosis. Both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota have a special phase in their life cycle, the dikaryotic phase, when two haploid nuclei are in one hyphal segment. These dikaryotic hyphae develop when two monokaryotic cells or hyphae fuse (somatogamy or plasmogamy) but their nuclei do not.
When a monokaryotic haploid stage is represented by distinct cells that fuse, we term them gametes and the fusion is called gametogamy. The gametes can develop in special structures termed a gametangium.
The differences necessary for successful sexual reproduction of fungi are represented by mating types. Homothallic fungi can sexually reproduce even if only one strain originating from the same meiospore/hypha is present, whereas heterothallic fungi require two different compatible mating types to complete sexual reproduction. Mating types are determined by mating loci (MAT loci). Homothallism has several modes, the simplest being when one version of the MAT locus and the strains/cells containing it are compatible and can undergo sexual reproduction. The main modes of heterothallism are grouped according to the number of MAT loci. The simplest version has one MAT locus with two types (alleles) and two strains/cells with different MAT loci can successfully complete sexual reproduction. This type is the bipolar heterothallism. In tetrapolar heterothallism two MAT loci with at least two alleles determine the mating type. Two strains/cells can complete sexual reproduction only if both MAT loci are different. Several genes can function as MAT loci; often they code pheromones and their receptors or regulate genes coding such products.
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most of the fungi ( like rhizopus mucor etc) bacteria and non flowering plants such as Ferns and mosses reproduce by the method of a spore formation .
spore formation is the Asexual method of reproduction . the reproduction by spore formation takes place in plants .in a spore, formation the parent plant produce hundreds of microscopic reproductive units called a sports . when the school case of the plant brusts ,then the sports spread into air . when these air -borne a sports land on food or soil under favourable conditions (like damp and warm conditions ),they germinate and produce new plants .
spore formation is the Asexual method of reproduction . the reproduction by spore formation takes place in plants .in a spore, formation the parent plant produce hundreds of microscopic reproductive units called a sports . when the school case of the plant brusts ,then the sports spread into air . when these air -borne a sports land on food or soil under favourable conditions (like damp and warm conditions ),they germinate and produce new plants .
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