Best way to establish democracy in india
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India is a federal (or quasi-federal) democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government largely based on the UK model. [19] Parliament is the “supreme legislative body of India” comprised of the President and the two Houses – Rajya Sabha (the Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (the House of the People).
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Democracy is supposed to be a political system that ensures that the will of the majority of people — or more accurately a majority of voting age adults — prevails. But the actual experience of democracies all over the world, as also in India, has brought home the fact that this theoretical premise is scarcely ever borne out by praxis. The ideal is not achieved in practice for a variety of reasons.
For starters, how does one ensure that everybody who is entitled to vote (or as nearly everybody as possible) actually votes? If this cannot be achieved, do those who are elected represent all the people or merely those who actually voted? Second, even if the government is formed with a majority of people supporting it, what is the mechanism to ensure that the decisions it takes during its years in office reflect the will of the people it ostensibly represents and not merely the will of a majority of the elected?
These are not just theoretical issues. In India, for instance, no government at the Centre has ever been formed with the support of a majority of all those eligible to vote or even of all those who voted (see graph). The closest we have got to that goal is in 1984, when the Congress government formed by Rajiv Gandhi had got 49.1% of all votes cast in that Lok Sabha election. However, with the turnout being 64%, that still meant only 31.4% of all eligible voters had voted for a Congress government. That’s less than one in three.
At the other end of the spectrum, in 1996, the National Front-Left Front combine that formed the government had just under 30% of the votes polled, which meant a mere 17.2% of the electorate had voted for it. Thus, governments at the Centre in India have had at best a little less than one-third and at worst, less than a fifth of the electorate backing them.
THE PROBLEM OF LOW TURNOUTS
One part of this problem is that turnouts in Lok Sabha elections have at best seen two-thirds of the electorate exercising its choice and sometimes barely more than half. While extensive campaigns by the Election Commission, political parties and NGOs have helped nudge that figure up a little, there is a structural problem that prevents it going much higher. That is the fact that voters in India can only vote in the place in which they are registered to vote and only on the day of polling. So, all those who are travelling or temporarily out of station on that day — whether for work, education, a family occasion or any other reason — miss out on voting. This, as TOI’s lost votes campaign has highlighted, need not and should not be the case. Technology today enables people to vote from wherever they may physically be located while ensuring authenticity and freedom from duress.
AS DISILLUSIONMENT RISES, SO DOES NOTA
But the most important question remains — how do we ensure that those we elect take decisions that reflect our will? As things stand, the voter gets a say every five years. The frequency with which governments are thrown out of office by voters and the fact that ‘anti-incumbency’ is taken as given by political pundits in Indian elections are clear indicators that governments rarely live up to what voters expect of them. Another indicator of the disillusionment of the voter is the number of people voting NOTA (none of the above) since they have been given that option. NOTA polled over 65 lakh votes in the 2019 Lok Sabha polls. That may seem a small fraction (1.1%) of the total votes, but it is more than one of the national parties, the CPI, polled and only a little less than another, the NCP with 1.4%.
Could giving people a greater sense of participation in policy making help change this? Democracies around the world have found ways of letting the people have a greater say in policy decisions than merely electing their representatives. India could well learn from those examples to enrich its democracy.
