bharatiya sanskriti ki vishoptae ka carnan karte hoe videsh me rahanewale apne mitr ko ak patr likiye
Answers
Explanation:
Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa originated from several independent sectors of South African society and took forms ranging from social movements and passive resistance to guerrilla warfare. Mass action against the ruling National Party government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental in leading to negotiations to end apartheid, which began formally in 1990 and ended with South Africa's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise in 1994.[6].[1]
Internal resistance to apartheid
Mandela burn pass 1960.jpg
Nelson Mandela burns his passbook in 1960 as part of a civil disobedience campaign.
Date 17 December 1950 – 27 April 1994
(43 years, 4 months, 1 week and 3 days)[note 1]
Location
South Africa
Result
Military stalemate between MK and South African security forces[3][4]
Bilateral negotiations to end apartheid[1]
Abolition of apartheid in 1991
Dissolution of the bantustans
Multiracial elections under a universal franchise held
Beginning of the Volkstaat movement
Territorial
changes Integration of the bantustans, change of provincial borders in South Africa.
Belligerents
MK (ANC/SACP)
AZANLA (AZAPO)
APLA (PAC)
ARM
SAYRCO
UDF (non-violent resistance only)[1]
Union of South Africa (1948–1961)
Republic of South Africa (1961–1994)
Commanders and leaders
Oliver Tambo
Nelson Mandela
Winnie Mandela
Joe Slovo
Joe Modise
Moses Mabhida
Lennox Lagu
Potlako Leballo
John Nyathi Pokela
South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd
South Africa John Vorster
South Africa P. W. Botha
South Africa F. W. de Klerk
South Africa Hendrik van den Bergh
South Africa Dirk Coetzee
South Africa Eugene de Kock
Casualties and losses
21,000 dead as a result of political violence (1948-94)[5]
Apartheid was adopted as a formal South African government policy by the National Party (NP) following their victory in the 1948 general election.[7] From the early 1950s, the African National Congress (ANC) initiated its Defiance Campaign of passive resistance.[2] Subsequent civil disobedience protests targeted curfews, pass laws, and "petty apartheid" segregation in public facilities. Some anti-apartheid demonstrations resulted in widespread rioting in Port Elizabeth and East London in 1952, but organised destruction of property was not deliberately employed until 1959.[8] That year, anger over pass laws and environmental regulations perceived as unjust by black farmers resulted in a series of arsons targeting sugarcane plantations.[8] Organisations such as the ANC, the South African Communist Party, and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) remained preoccupied with organising student strikes and work boycotts between 1959 and 1960.[8] Following the Sharpeville massacre, some anti-apartheid movements, including the ANC and PAC, began a shift in tactics from peaceful non-cooperation to the formation of armed resistance wings.[9]
Mass strikes and student demonstrations