Question

Biochemical organization of plant tissues

Answer 1

Plant body organization

Plant body organizationThe stems and leaves together make up the shoot system. Each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three tissue types (ground, vascular, and dermal). Different cell types comprise each tissue type, and the structure of each cell type influences the function of the tissue it comprises.

Answer 2

Answer:

The success of plant biotechnology relies on the fundamental

techniques of plant tissue culture. Understanding basic biol-

ogy of plants is a prerequisite for proper utilization of the

plant system or parts thereof. Plant tissue culture helps in

providing a basic understanding of physical and chemical

requirements of cell, tissue, organ culture, their growth and

development. Establishment of cell, tissue and organ culture

and regeneration of plantlets under in vitro conditions has

opened up new avenues in the area of plant biotechnology.

1. Introduction

Plant tissue culture is a technique of culturing plant cells, tissues

and organs on synthetic media under aseptic environment and

controlled conditions of light, temperature, and humidity. The

development of plant tissue culture as a fundamental science was

closely linked with the discovery and characterization of plant

hormones, and has facilitated our understanding of plant growth

and development. Furthermore, the ability to grow plant cells and

tissues in culture and to control their development forms the basis

of many practical applications in agriculture, horticulture indus-

trial chemistry and is a prerequisite for plant genetic engineering

2. History

History of plant tissue culture is a record of systematic efforts by

botanists to culture excised plant tissues and organs to understand

their growth and development under controlled conditions.

2.1 Cell Culture

The idea of experimenting with the tissues and organs of plants inisolation under controlled laboratory conditions arose during the

later part of the nineteenth century. German botanist Gottlieb

Haberlandt was the first person to culture isolated, fully differen-

tiated cells in 1898 [2]. He selected single isolated cells from

leaves and grew them on Knop’s (1865) salt solution with su-

crose. Haberlandt succeeded in maintaining isolated leaf cells

alive for extended periods but the cells failed to divide because

the simple nutrient media lacked the necessary plant hormones.

Although he could not demonstrate the ability of mature cells to

divide, he was certain that in the intact plant body, the growth of

a cell simply stops due to a stimulus released by the organism

itself, after acquiring the features required to meet the need of the

whole organism. Haberlandt’s vision was to achieve continued

cell division in explanted tissues on nutrient media that

is, to establish true, potentially perpetual tissue culture. This goal was attained only after the discovery of auxins

Although Haberlandt was unsuccessful in his attempts to culture

cells, he foresaw that they could provide an elegant means of

studying morphogenesis. And the result of such culture experi-

ments should give some interesting insight into the properties and

potentialities which the cell as an elementary unit of life pos-

sesses.