biography of cv raman
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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (/ˈrɑːmən/;[1] 7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist who made groundbreaking works in the field of light scattering.[2] With his student K. S. Krishnan, he discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light change wavelength and amplitude. This phenomenon was a new type of scattering of light and was subsequently known as the Raman effect (Raman scattering).[3][4] Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics and was the first Asian person to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science.[5]
Born to Hindu Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, completing his secondary and higher secondary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the ages of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped bachelor's degree examination at the University of Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at age 16. His first research paper, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while still a graduate student. The next year he obtained an M.A. degree. He was 19 years of age when he joined the Indian Finance Service in Kolkata as Assistant Accountant General. There he became acquainted with the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to do independent research and where he made his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, he was appointed as the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Science College under the University of Calcutta. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to correctly describe the reason for the blue colour of the sea as a phenomenon of diffraction. He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926. He and Krishnan discovered on 28 February 1928 a novel phenomenon of light scattering, which they called "modified scattering," but more famously known as the Raman effect. The day is celebrated by the Government of India as the National Science Day every year.[6] Raman moved to the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore in 1933 to become its first Indian Director. There he founded the Indian Academy of Sciences the same year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 where he worked to his last days.
In 1954, the Government of India honoured him with the first Bharat Ratna (along with politician C. Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan), its highest civilian award.[7][8] He later smashed the medallion in protest against Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's policies on scientific research.
Early life and education
C. V. Raman was born in Trichinopoly, Madras Presidency (now Trichy, Tamil Nadu), to Hindu Tamil parents, Chandrasekhara Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[9][10] He was the second of eight siblings.[11] His father was a teacher at the local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"[12] In 1892, his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vishakapatnam or Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.[13] There Raman studied at St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School. He passed matriculation at age 11 and the FA examination (equivalent to today's Intermediate exam, PUCPDC and +2) with a scholarship at age 13.[11][14]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[15] In 1904, he obtained a B.A. degree from the University of Madras, where he stood first and won the gold medal in physics. At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on diffraction of light in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.[16] He completed an M.A. degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.[9][17] His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.[18] It was alongside Lord Rayleigh's paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as "Professor."[20]
Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Richard Llewellyn Jones insisted him to continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[21] The inspection revealed that Raman would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,[13] the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of tuberculosis… if I were to go to England."[22]