Biography of Harappan civilization
Answers
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Bronze Age civilisations are Harappan civilization , Mesopotamian civilisation, Egyptian civilisation and Chinese civilisation. Harappa is situated in the Montgomery district of Western Punjab(in Pakistan ).Mohenjodaro is situated in the Larkana district of Sindh(now in Pakistan) .
Discovery of Harappan sites:
SITE YEAR EXCAVATED BY
1.Harappa 1921 Daya Ram Sahni
2.Mohenjodaro 1922 R.D Banerjee
3.Lothal 1957 S.R.Rao
4.Kalibangan 1953 B.B.Lal and A.N. Ghosh
5.Dholavira 1990-1991 R.S.Bisht
Archaeological sources of the Harappan civilisation are The Great Bath, granaries, seals, bearded man, dancing girl, dockyard, etc
The Great Bath is a rectangular public water tank located in Mohenjodaro. It is made of bricks and is made watertight with the help of bitumen. It is believed that it was used during religious ceremonies. Granaries were used to store surplus food grains. At Harappa there were two rows of six granaries each. It had circular brick platforms for threshing grains. Harappan script was pictographic in nature.
Seals are clay tablets used to keep trade accounts by the Harappan merchants. It also gives us information about their religious beliefs. Ex- Unicorn seal, Pashupati seal. The two famous sculptures of the Harappan civilisation are bearded man(stone statue) and dancing girl(bronze sculpture).
The two kinds of buildings found in Harappan cities were dwellings houses where people lived in and public buildings which was meant for common use and not privately owned. Cities were divided into two parts- upper town or citadel and lower town. The harappan cities followed grid pattern.It had covered drains , manhole for sanitation and cleanliness. The residential houses had a central courtyard, kitchen, bathrooms.
The harappans traded with the help of barter system. Important domestic trade centres were Lothal, Harappa, Mohenjodaro, etc. The harappans traded with Mesopotamia, Persia(Iran).
Important export and import items were gold, terracotta pots, bangles, beads, coloured gems like lapis lazuli, bronze, copper, leaf. They also knew the art of metal making known as metallurgy.
They used both land and sea routes as mode of transportation. They transported good with the help of Bullock carts, ships, boats.
Their main occupations were agriculture(produced cotton first time in the world), pottery, domestication of animals etc. The recreational activities of harappans were dice and board games, singing and dancing.
Heritage of the harappans include bead making , cotton cultivation and the connection between their religious beliefs with Hinduism.
The decline of Harappan civilisation took place due to-a) Natural calamities like floods and earthquakes, b) foreign invasion, c) increasing aridity of the land.