Question

✪ Biology ✪
Question of class 11th.
Explain the following terms :-
a) Nucleic acids.
b) Structure of proteins.
c) Enzymes.
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Answer 1

Answer :-

a) Nucleic acids -

These are the hereditary minerals.

They are of two types -

• DNA ( Deoxyribose nucleic acid ) :-

DNA is a coiled macromolecule made up of two antiparallel chains held together by hydrogen bonds. One turn of spiral has a Distance of 34 Å and distance between two nucleotide is 3.4 Å.

Nucleotides - A single nucleotide consists of following parts -

• Pentose sugar -

✦ It is a 5 carbon containing sugar which is ribose is RNA and deoxyribose is DNA.

• Nitrogen bases -

✦ There are two types of purines which include adenine ( A ) and guanine ( G ) and pyrimidines which includes thymine ( T ), uracil ( U ) and cytosine ( C )

• Phosphate group -

✦ PO₄⁻³ group in the form of H₃PO₄

• RNA ( Ribonucleic acid )

Types of RNA -

• Ribosomal RNA ( r - RNA ) :-

✦ It is the 80% of the cell's total RNA.

✦ It is the most stable form of RNA.

✦ It is found in ribosomes and it is produced in nucleolus.

• Transfer RNA ( t - RNA )

✦ It is 10-15% of total RNA

✦ It is synthesized in the nucleus of DNA.

✦ It is also known as soluble RNA/Adapter RNA.

✦ It is the smallest RNA and has the most complex structure.

• Messenger RNA ( m - RNA )

✦ It is 1 to 5% of total RNA.

✦ It is produced by genetic DNA in the nucleus.

✦ Also known as template RNA because it acts as template for protein synthesis.

b) Structure of proteins

✦ Proteins are the complex nitrogenous substances found in the cells of animals and plants.

✦ Proteins are the polymers of molecular units called as amino acids.

✦ The amino acids found in a molecule of protein are linked together by peptide bonds.

✦ The general structure of amino acid is represented by :

( refer to the attachment i )

Note : Peptide bond :

✦ Polypeptide and simple protein consist entirely of long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of other amino acid. A molecule of water is released out during bond formation.

( refer to the attachment ii )

c) Enzymes

✦ Enzymes are protein catalysts for biochemical reactions in the living cells.

✦ The substance which increases reaction rate is called as catalysts and the phenomenon is called is called catalysis.

✦ Enzyme was first introduced by W. Kuhne in 1878.

✦ When the enzymes remain and function inside the cell, the enzymes are called endoenzymes or intracellular enzymes.

✦ The enzymes which leave the cell and function outside the cells are called extra cellular enzymes.

General properties of enzymes :-

• They remain unaltered at the end.
• They are required in small quantities.
• They accelerate the rate of reaction.
• They are proteinaceous in nature.
• They are highly towards substrate.
• Certain enzymes exhibit the property of reversibility.

Answer 2

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Question :-

Explain the following terms :-

a) Nucleic acids.

b) Structure of proteins.

c) Enzymes.

Answer :-

a) Nucleic Acid

• "Nucleic acid" is the term we use to describe specific large molecules in the cell.

• So they're actually made of polymers of strings of repeating units, and the two most famous of the nucleic acids, that you've heard about, are DNA and RNA.

• And nucleic acids in the cell act to actually store information.

b)Structure of proteins.

• The structure of protein sets the foundation for its interaction with other molecules in the body and, therefore, determines its function.

• This article will cover the structural principles of proteins and how these can have an effect on the function of the protein.

c) Enzymes.

• An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process.

• The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.

• Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place at a perceptible rate.