briefly describe the land topography of the coastal areas of India please give a very long answer almost of one page
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Answer:
Slope and topography describe the shape and relief of the land. Topography is a measurement of elevation, and slope is the percent change in that elevation over a certain distance. Topography may be measured with lines that connect points representing the same elevation; these are called topographic contours.
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Answer:
GOOD MORNING Mostly because of these differences in land motion, estimates of future relative sea level rise vary for different regions. Climate change models project that global sea level rise will accelerate in the 21st century. Models based on thermal expansion and ice melt estimate that global sea level is very likely to rise between 1 and 3 feet by the end of the century. Typically, these models do not, however, incorporate all of the possible responses of ice sheets to warmer temperatures, which could further raise sea level, but is unlikely to add more than one foot.[2][4][5]
For more information on recent and future sea level rise, please visit the Science section.
Growing populations and development along the coasts increase the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to sea level rise. Development can block the inland migration of wetlands in response of sea level rise, and change the amount of sediment delivered to coastal areas and accelerate erosion. For example, coastal Louisiana lost approximately 2000 square miles of wetlands in recent decades due to human alterations of the Mississippi River's sediment system and oil and water extraction that has caused land to sink. As a result of these changes, wetlands do not receive enough sediment to keep up with rising seas, and may no longer function as natural buffers to flooding.[6]
Rising sea level also increases the salinity of ground water and pushes salt water further upstream. Higher salinity can make water undrinkable without desalination, and harms many aquatic plants and animals.[2]
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Impacts of Changes in Storm Surge and Precipitation
Coastal areas are also vulnerable to increases in the intensity of storm surge and heavy precipitation. Storm surges flood low-lying areas, damage property, disrupt transportation systems, destroy habitat, and threaten human health and safety. For example, low-lying areas of New York City, Long Island, and New Jersey were flooded by several feet of water by the storm surge from Superstorm Sandy in 2012.[2][5] Sea level rise could magnify the impacts of storms by raising the base on which storm surges build.[7]
Climate change is likely to bring heavier rainfall to some coastal areas, which would also increase runoff and flooding. In addition, warmer temperatures in mountain areas could lead to more spring runoff due to melting of snow. In turn, increases in spring runoff may also threaten the health and quality of coastal waters. Some coastal areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay, are already experiencing "dead zones." Dead zones occur when land-based sources of pollution (e.g., agricultural fertilizers) contribute to algal blooms. When the algae sink and decompose, the process depletes the oxygen in the water. As increases in spring runoff bring more nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants into coastal waters, many aquatic species could be threatened.[1]
Decreases in precipitation could also increase the salinity of coastal waters. Droughts reduce fresh water input into tidal rivers and bays, which raises salinity in estuaries, and enables salt water to mix further upstream.[2]
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Impacts of Coastal Water Temperature
Coastal waters have warmed during the last century, and are very likely to continue to warm in the 21st century [2][5], potentially by as much as 4 to 8°F.[8] This warming may lead to big changes in coastal ecosystems, affecting species that inhabit these areas.
Warming coastal waters cause suitable habitats of temperature-sensitive species to shift poleward. Some areas have recently seen range shifts in both warm- and cold-water fish and other marine species. Pollock, halibut, rock sole, and snow crab in Alaska and mangrove trees in Florida are a few of the species whose habitats have already begun to shift.[2][5] Suitable habitats of other species may also shift, because they cannot compete for limited resources with the southern species that are moving northward.[1]
For more information on climate change impacts on species, visit the Ecosystems page.