briefly discuss the evolution and decentralization in the philippines based on local government code of 1991
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The Philippines embarked on an ambitious decentralization program in 1991 to strengthen democratic processes and enhance economic growth. The national government devolved major responsibilities and revenues to local governments. Decentralization however goes beyond the transfer of responsibilities and resources to local governments. It requires reforming governance and empowering the community to participate in advocacy and decision making. These areas are the current challenges to local governments since power structures remain traditional and relationship with central government is still paternalistic. Revenue mobilization efforts are weak and LGUs are dependent on grants from the central government. The successful experiences of innovative LGUs can inspire confidence that decentralization can work. Sound policies, political will, systemic reforms and involvement of the community are key factors in governance.
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Abstract
The Philippines embarked on an ambitious decentralization program in 1991 to strengthen democratic processes and enhance economic growth. The national government devolved major responsibilities and revenues to local governments. Decentralization however goes beyond the transfer of responsibilities and resources to local governments. It requires reforming governance and empowering the community to participate in advocacy and decision making. These areas are the current challenges to local governments since power structures remain traditional and relationship with central government is still paternalistic. Revenue mobilization efforts are weak and LGUs are dependent on grants from the central government. The successful experiences of innovative LGUs can inspire confidence that decentralization can work. Sound policies, political will, systemic reforms and involvement of the community are key factors in governance.
Further, the provinces delegate the tax collection to and share the tax revenues with their component municipalities and cities. These tax revenues are second only to central government fiscal transfers as the principal sources of local government budgets in the Philippines (Guevara 2000). ...
... Consistently and by far, Metro Manila emerged as the most densely populated region in the country. It had more than 12,000 and 15,000 inhabitants per square kilometer on average during the periods 1985-1990 and 1996-2000, respectively 1985-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000Development indicators/Region 1985-19901991-19951996-2000 A. The rise in the population densities of Metro Manila, Central Luzon, and Southern Tagalog is partly due to migration induced by the prospect of higher standards of living. In their review of migration patterns for the period 1985-1990, Go et al. (2001 find that nine of the 15 cities and provinces with the biggest volume of in-migrants are all in Metro Manila. ...
... Consistently and by far, Metro Manila emerged as the most densely populated region in the country. It had more than 12,000 and 15,000 inhabitants per square kilometer on average during the periods 1985-1990 and 1996-2000, respectively 1985-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000Development indicators/Region 1985-19901991-19951996-2000 A. The rise in the population densities of Metro Manila, Central Luzon, and Southern Tagalog is partly due to migration induced by the prospect of higher standards of living. In their review of migration patterns for the period 1985-1990, Go et al. (2001 find that nine of the 15 cities and provinces with the biggest volume of in-migrants are all in Metro Manila. ..
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