British policy in india long answer
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In 1917 the British Policy in India became authoritative, especially during the First World War. However, their approach to India completely altered post Second World War. By this time Britain decided to transfer power to India. The British policy, thus, continued to modify even after 1857, when the Crown assumed the governance of India. The British Policy in India also witnessed changes during emergencies and other circumstances.
The powers previously exerted by the Court of Directors of the Company and by the Parliamentary Board of Control passed to the British Crown by passing an act in 1858. In addition to that, the British administrators in India sensed the consequences of attempting to govern India without the wishes of the people of the country. These views and apprehensions led to the passing of the Indian Councils Act of 1861. The passing of the act was an important British policy in India. This act introduced important changes in the administration of the country. The Governor-General was authorised to make rules for the transaction of business in the Executive Council. The Governor-General's Executive Council was reinforced by additional members for proper functioning of legislation. The additional members were nominated for two years. The number of additional members varied from six to twelve additional members. Their function was limited strictly only to legislation. However, in 1862, Lord Canning nominated three Indians to his 'Legislative Council'. Furthermore, the Act restored the power to the Governments of Bombay and Madras which were subjected to certain restrictions of making laws and regulations for the peace and good government of those presidencies. Each of the Governors' executive councils was enlarged by the addition of the Advocate-General and had four to eight members who were nominated by the Governor. The Governor-General in Council was authorized to create such legislative councils in the provinces of Bengal, the North-West Provinces and the Punjab.
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 witnessed the emergence of an educated class who had popular interest in the administration of the country. They were critical of the acts of Government and thus various local political organizations began to spring up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. During that period, a retired British I.C.S. official, Allan Octavian Hume was resolved to find constructive means. He addressed letter to the graduates of the Calcutta University to organize an association for the cultural, moral, social and political regeneration of the people of India. Consequently, the first session of the Indian National Congress was held on 27th December 1885 under the Presidentship of W. C. Bonnerji. The Congress resolutions were aimed at the enlargement of the legislative councils and their powers; there issues were also concerned regarding the examinations for the I.C.S. in India and in Britain, and certain other administrative reforms. There Congress members include Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee and Sir Ferozshah Mehta.
Among the major British policies in India, the Partition of Bengal, 1905 by Lord Curzon initiated a feeling of discontent among the Indian masses. After the resignation of Lord Curzon, Lord Minto succeeded him. The period of Lord Minto's viceroyalty Lord Morley became the Secretary of State for India, in December 1905. One of Lord Minto's first considerations was to end the general unrest in the country.
The breach between the Congress and the Muslin League was also showing growing signs of opposition towards British policy and administration. Thus, to bring about a steady reform in the existing system of administration and by promoting national unity, fostering public spirit and developing and organising the intellectual, moral, economic and industrial resources of the country, there came the Minto-Morley reforms were launched. The inauguration of the Minto-Morley Reforms was followed by the important announcements was the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The maintenance of British rule in India depends on the ultimate supremacy of the Governor-General in Council.
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British Raj
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"British Empire in India" and "Indian Empire" redirect here. For other uses, see India (disambiguation). For other Indian empires, see History of India.
This article is about the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. For the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858, see Company rule in India.
The British Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; from rāj, literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani)[2] was the rule by the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.[3][4][5][6] The rule is also called Crown rule in India,[7] or direct rule in India.[8] The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.[9]
India
1858–1947
1909 map of India, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow
StatusImperial political structure (comprising British India, a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)[1]CapitalCalcutta
(1858–1911)
New Delhi
(1911–1947)
Simla (summer capital)
(1864–1947)Common languages
English (Official language)
Regional Languages:
Hindustani
Bengali
Assamese
Punjabi
Tamil
Telugu
Other Languages:
Various South Asian languages
Religion
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, JudaismGovernmentBritish Colonial GovernmentMonarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empressa
• 1858–1901
Victoria
• 1901–1910
Edward VII
• 1910–1936
George V
• 1936
Edward VIII
• 1936–1947
George VIViceroyb
• 1858–1862 (first)
Charles Canning
• 1947 (last)<
Louis MountbattenSecretary of State
• 1858–1859 (first)
Edward Stanley
• 1947 (last)
William HareLegislatureImperial Legislative CouncilHistory
• Battle of Plassey & Indian Rebellion
23 June 1757 and 10 May 1857
• Government of India Act
2 August 1858
• Indian Independence Act
18 July 1947
• Partition of India
14 and 15 August 1947CurrencyIndian rupee
Preceded bySucceeded by1858:
Company rule in IndiaMughal Empire1893:
Emirate of Afghanistan1937:
Colony of Burma1947:
Dominion of IndiaDominion of Pakistan
Title of Emperor/Empress of India existed 1876–1948
Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India"
As "India", it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.[10]
This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria[11] (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when it was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971). At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma (Myanmar), was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.
What was the British Social and Cultural Policy in India? The British followed a policy of non-interference in the social, religious and cultural life of the fellow Indian till 1813 AD. Their thought was to develop partial modernisation, in other words, a 'colonial modernisation'.