By which cells are characters of material and paternal generation in heritage in new offspring’s?
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
Each Organism's Traits Are Inherited from a Parent through Transmission of DNA
An electron micrograph shows a dark brown fruit fly chromosome against a pink background. The chromosome looks like a long, thin piece of string that has been tightly coiled. There are five long coils radiating out from a central point. The compact coils give the chromosome a banded, or striped, appearance.
Drosophila chromosome.
Scientists first discovered chromosomes in the nineteenth century, when they were gazing at cells through light microscopes. But how did they figure out what chromosomes do? And how did they link chromosomes — and the specific genes within them — to the concept of inheritance? After a long period of observational studies through microscopes, several experiments with fruit flies provided the first evidence.
What is a gene?
Physically, a gene is a segment (or segments) of a chromosome. Functionally, a gene can play many different roles within a cell. Today, most scientists agree that genes correspond to one or more DNA sequences that carry the coding information required to produce a specific protein, and that protein in turn carries out a particular function within the cell. Scientists also know that the DNA that makes up genes is packed into structures called chromosomes, and that somatic cells contain twice as many chromosomes as gametes (i.e., sperm and egg cells).
But what were the key scientific discoveries that helped establish these principles? As it turns out, the connections between genes, chromosomes, DNA, and heredity were not recognized until long after researchers caught their initial glimpse of chromosomes. The following sections present an abbreviated summary of the major discoveries that revealed these connections.
The first words for genes: Elementen and gemmules
The Original Thinkers
Who was Gregor Mendel?
The life and legacy of Charles Darwin
Researchers began hypothesizing about the existence of genes as early as the mid-1800s — although they used different terminology than today's scientists when doing so. For example, during the 1860s, Austrian monk and scientist Gregor Mendel (Figure 1) examined how certain physical characteristics of pea plants (e.g., seed color, seed shape, flower color, etc.), which he called traits, were passed down to successive generations. Mendel speculated that the cells that made up the pea plants contained material that carried the information about these traits from one generation to the next. Mendel called this material "elementen," and he proposed that during sexual reproduction, each parent contributed a form of elementen to the resulting offspring. This combination of parental elementen then determined which form of a trait was visible in the offspring.
A black-and-white sketch shows a portrait of the scientist Gregor Mendel. Mendel is wearing a black suit jacket over a black shirt with a white collar. He has short hair with a receding hairline and lacks facial hair. He is also wearing light framed glasses.
Figure 1: Gregor Mendel
A black-and-white sketch shows the naturalist Charles Darwin in profile. Darwin has a long chest-length white and black beard, and the top of his head is bald. He is wearing a collared suit coat with a white collared shirt underneath.
Figure 2: Charles Darwin
Around the same time, British biologist Charles Darwin (Figure 2) independently proposed that traits could be passed on to successive generations in packets he referred to as "gemmules." Darwin also speculated that gemmules traveled from every body part to the sexual organs, where they were stored. The most remarkable feature of both Mendel's and Darwin's proposals is that neither of the two scientists knew about nucleotides or about any of the biochemical substances that are now widely recognized as DNA.
After Mendel and Darwin put their ideas forward, several other scientists r