Question

(c) Astatine reacts with sodium to form sodium astatide.
(i) Predict the chemical formula of this product.
(ii) Would you expect astatine to react more vigorously
or less vigorously than iodine? Give a reason for your
answer.​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Properties of Halogens

Elements such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine belong to Group 17, the halogen group. At room temperature fluorine is a yellow gas, chlorine is a pale green gas, bromine is a red liquid, and iodine is a purple solid. Astatine is a radioactive element, and exists in nature only in small amounts. All the halogens exist as diatomic molecules. They have high ionization energies and form the most electronegative group of elements. Their electron configuration, ns2np5, allows them to easily react with Group 1 and 2 metals; each halogen tends to pick up one electron, and the Group 1 and Group 2 elements each tend to lose one or two electrons, respectively. Halogens therefore react most vigorously with Group 1 and Group 2 metals of all main group elements.

Reaction with Water

From a standard reduction potential table, it is determined that iodine and bromine cannot oxidize water to oxygen because they have smaller reduction potentials than oxygen. Thus, iodine and bromine do not react with water. However, fluorine and chlorine have larger reduction potentials, and can oxidize water.

Fluorine reacts with water vapor to form oxygen and ozone:

2F2(g)+2H2O(g)→4HF(g)+O2(g)(1)(1)2F2(g)+2H2O(g)→4HF(g)+O2(g)

3F2(g)+2H2O(g)→6HF(g)+O3(g)(2)(2)3F2(g)+2H2O(g)→6HF(g)+O3(g)

The reaction of water with chlorine, shown below, proceeds very slowly.

Cl2+H2O→H++Cl−+HClO(3)(3)Cl2+H2O→H++Cl−+HClO

Chlorine and bromine are moderately soluble in water. These solutions form solid hydrates within an ice lattice. These solutions are good oxidizing agents. Chlorine reacts reversibly with water to produce acids as in the following example, in which chloric acid and hydrochloric acid are formed:

Cl2+H2O⇌HClO+HCl(4)(4)Cl2+H2O⇌HClO+HCl

Iodine is slightly soluble in water. It has the lowest standard reduction potential of the halogens, and is therefore the least powerful oxidizing agent. Air and other reagents can oxidize acidified solution of iodide ions.

Reaction with Hydrogen

All the halogens react directly with hydrogen, forming covalent bonds and—at sufficient levels of purity—colorless gases at room temperature. Hydrogen reacts with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, forming HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, respectively. The bond strength of these molecules decreases down the group: HF>HCl>HBr>HIHF>HCl>HBr>HI.

Iodine and hydrogen react non-spontaneously to produce hydrogen iodide:

H2+I2→2HI(5)(5)H2+I2→2HI

All the hydrogen halides are soluble in water, in which they form strong acids (with the exception of HFHF). The general equation of hydrogen halide for the acid reaction is given below:

HX+H2O→H3O++X−