C] Explain different types of blood cells
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Answer:
They begin their life as stem cells, and they mature into three main types of cells— RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. In turn, there are three types of WBC—lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes—and three main types of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils). See them in action in "Meet the blood cells".
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Answer:
1. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), have predictable dimensions which makes them a good “histologic ruler”. They are circular with a diameter of 7.8 micrometers. Erythrocytes are shaped like biconcave discs (donut). At their perimeter they are 2.6 micrometers thick, at the center they are only 0.8 micrometers thick. This shape increases the cell's surface area to allow for more oxygen binding. Because these dimensions are typically consistent, leukocytes can be identified by comparing their size to that of the erythrocytes.
2.Leukocytes, also called White Blood Cells (WBCs), are associated with the immune system. There are three main classifications of leukocytes: lymphocytes, granulocytes, and agranulocytes. Granulocytes, as their name suggests, are white blood cells that have granules present in their cytoplasm. Agranulocytes do not have these granules. Using a special histological staining method (Wright’s Stain), leukocytes can be seen under a microscope. This stain includes azure B to stain the granules in the cytoplasm of white blood cells so that they can be differentiated.
3. Thrombocytes, more commonly known as platelets, are small, formed elements found throughout the blood. Because they do not contain a nucleus or organelles, they are not considered to be true cells. Rather, they are cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes, polyploid cells found in bone marrow. At only 2-4 micrometers in diameter, they are significantly smaller than any other cellular structures in the blood. Functionally, platelets are essential for forming clots in response to tears in blood vessels.
4. Monocytes are the largest leukocytes circulating in the blood at 12-20 micrometers in diameter. They are agranulocytes with a light and foamy cytoplasm. Monocytes are easily identified by their size and their large, kidney or horse-shoe shaped nucleus.
5. Basophils are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood; however, they are the largest granulocyte. The cytoplasm of basophils contains many blue granules that obscure the lightly stained bilobed nucleus. Basophils are associated with allergic responses as well: they release histamine and vasoactive agents to dilate blood vessels thereby intensifying the allergic reaction.
6. Eosinophils contain many brightly staining granules in their cytoplasm that give them a characteristic pink color when viewed with a Wright’s stain. Their bilobed nuclei stain lightly in comparison to the granules. Eosinophils are also about 12-15 micrometers in diameter. Eosinophils release histaminase during allergic reactions and are associated with inflammatory responses and helminthic responses to parasitic and protozoan infections.
7. The large, rounded nucleus of a lymphocyte takes up most of the volume of the cell and stains very dark blue. The cytoplasm appears as a narrow, lightly stained rim around the large nucleus where it does not contain granules.