Question

(C) Explain the following. (10)

1. Atmosphere

2.Lithosphere

3.Subsidiary Alliance

4.Annexation Policy

5.Global warming..​

Answer 1

1.The atmosphere is the blanket of gases which surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth's gravitational attraction. Without the atmosphere there could be no life on Earth. The atmosphere: ... keeps the climate on Earth moderate compared to that of other planets.

2.A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.

3.A subsidiary alliance, in South Asian history, describes a tributary alliance between a Native state and either French India, or later the British East India Company. ... In a Subsidiary Alliance, princely rulers were not allowed to make any negotiations and treaty with any other ruler.

4.Annexation, a formal act whereby a state proclaims its sovereignty over territory hitherto outside its domain. Unlike cession, whereby territory is given or sold through treaty, annexation is a unilateral act made effective by actual possession and legitimized by general recognition.

5.Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth's average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.