c. Explain the properties of carbon.
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☆ PROPERTIES OF CARON:-
Carbon has several allotropes, or different forms in which it can exist. These allotropes include graphite and diamond, which have very different properties. Despite carbon's ability to make 4 bonds and its presence in many compounds, it is highly unreactive under normal conditions.
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Home Periodic table Elements Carbon
Carbon - CChemical properties of carbon - Health effects of carbon - Environmental effects of carbon
Atomic number
6
Atomic mass
12.011 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling
2.5
Density
2.2 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point
3652 °C
Boiling point
4827 °C
Vanderwaals radius
0.091 nm
Ionic radius
0.26 nm (-4) ; 0.015 nm (+4)
Isotopes
3
Electronic shell
[ He ] 2s22p2
Energy of first ionisation
1086.1 kJ.mol -1
Energy of second ionisation
2351.9 kJ.mol -1
Energy of third ionisation
4618.8 kJ.mol -1
Discovered by
The ancients
Carbon
Carbon is unique in its chemical properties because it forms a number of components superior than the total addition of all the other elements in combination with each other.
The biggest group of all these components is the one formed by carbon and hydrogen. We know a minimum of about 1 million organic components and this number increases rapidly every year. Although the classification is not strict, carbon forms another series of compounds considered as inorganic, in a much lower number than that of the organic compounds.
Elemental carbon exists in two well-defined allotropic crystalline forms: diamond and graphite. Other forms with little crystallinity are vegetal carbon and black fume. Chemically pure carbon can be prepared by termic decomposition of sugar (sucrose) in absence of air. The physical and chemical properties of carbon depend on the crystalline structure of the element.
Its density fluctuates from 2.25 g/cm³ (1.30 ounces/in³) for graphite and 3.51 g/cm³ (2.03 ounces/in³) for diamond. The melting point of graphite is 3500ºC (6332ºF) and the extrapolated boiling point is 4830ºC (8726ºF). Elemental carbon is an inert substance, insoluble in water, diluted acids and bases, as well as organic solvents. At high temperatures it binds with oxygen to form carbon monoxide or dioxide. With hot oxidizing agents, like nitric acid and potassium nitrate, metilic acid C6(CO2H)6 is obtained. Among the halogens only fluorine reacts with elemental carbon. A high number of metals combine with the element at high temperatures to form carbides.
It forms three gaseous components with the oxygen: carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, CO2, and carbon suboxide, C3O2. The two first ones are the most important from the industrial point of view. Carbon forms compounds with the halogens with CX4 as general formula, where X is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. At ambient temperature carbon tetrafluoride is gas, tetrachloride is liquid and the other two compounds are solids. We also know mixed carbon tetrahalides. The most important of all may be the dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, called freon.
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