C. Short Answer Questions
1. Write a short note on the trade relations of Harappans with their neighbouring civilisations.
2. List four things to show that the cities of this culture were very well-planned.
3. What was the significance of the lower town? Who lived there?
4. Why is the indus Valley Civilisation also known as the Harappan Civilisation?
D. Long Answer Questions
1. Discuss the extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
2. Describe the citadel area of the cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
3. How was the village life different from the city life during the Harappan Civilisation?
4. Give reasons to explain what could have caused the Indus Valley Civilisation to decline.
E. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions
1. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation lay the foundations of modern cities. Do you agree?
Why/Why not?
2. How have archaeological sources helped in the study of the Harappan Civilisation? Discuss.
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Explanation:
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1) Trade was conducted with countries such as Mesopotamia (Iraq), Persia (Iran) and Afghanistan.Both land and sea routes were used by the traders. Bullock carts, boats and ships were used for transport of goods.
2)the four things are good drainage system ,good agriculture, good soil and good minerals.
3)Actual pieces of cloth have been found in Mohenjodaro, attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects. Spindle whorls have also been discovered, which were used to spin thread. This indicates cloth was used in the Harappan civilisation.
4)The Indus Valley civilization is called the Harappan civilization because Harappa was the first site where the unique archaeological evidences of the civilization were discovered.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1)The influence of this culture extended to the Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province (now in Pakistan), Baluchistan, Rajasthan, U.P., Gujarat and even some parts of south India. This civilization was spread over an area of about 1600 kilometers from West to East and 1100 kilometers from North to South. However, recent excavations in Gujarat have shown that the extent of the civilization is much more than what people had thought it to be earlier.
2)he Citadel is a large, man-made mound at the archaeological site of Mohenjo-daro. The mound is built out of bricks and is located in the western part.Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilisation, where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall.[2] The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.
3)The village feeds and clothes people and the city provide learning and culture. There is a wide gap between the two in the matter of amenities of life. This gap must be bridged or at least made narrow. The villagers also should enjoy some of the comforts enjoyed by the people living in the cities.
4)One theory suggested that a nomadic, Indo-European tribe, called the Aryans, invaded and conquered the Indus Valley Civilization. Many scholars now believe the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization was caused by climate change. The eastward shift of monsoons may have reduced the water supply, forcing the Harappans of the Indus River Valley to migrate and establish smaller villages and isolated farms. These small communities could not produce the agricultural surpluses needed to support cities, which where then abandoned.
Explanation:
Short answer questions:
1A) Harappan seals have been found at Mesopotamian archaeological sites, proving their trade relations. A wide variety of weights and measures were used in trade, and it was most probably carried out through the barter system. Both land and sea routes were used by the traders.
2A) Most of the Indus cities were well-planned and this is evident from the excellent town planning, drainage system and sanitation. The streets cut each other at right angles.
3A) Actual pieces of cloth have been found in Mohenjodaro, attached to the lid of a silver vase and some copper objects. Spindle whorls have also been discovered, which were used to spin thread. This indicates cloth was used in the Harappan civilisation.
4A) Indus Valley Civilization which is also referred as Harappan civilization is of the largest cities of its time. ... The Indus Valley civilization is called the Harappan civilization because Harappa was the first site where the unique archaeological evidences of the civilization were discoverThe cities were characterized by grid like pattern of roads, a complex sewage and water supply network and carefully planned uniform housing designs.
Long answer questions:
1A) The Harappan civilisation extended from Baluchistan and Sindh (present-day Pakistan) to Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and parts of western Uttar Pradesh. The civilisation approximately covered about 1,300,000 sq km. The cradle of this civilisation nested on the banks of the Indus river.
2A) 3300–1300 BCE
3300–1300 BCESome of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilisation, where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall. ... Kaneš' citadel contained the city's palace, temples, and official buildings.
3A) The village feeds and clothes people and the city provide learning and culture. There is a wide gap between the two in the matter of amenities of life. This gap must be bridged or at least made narrow. The villagers also should enjoy some of the comforts enjoyed by the people living in the cities.
4A) Many historians believe the Indus civilisation collapsed because of changes to the geography and climate of the area. Movements in the Earth's crust (the outside layer) might have caused the Indus river to flood and change its direction.
HOTS :
1A) The cities were characterized by grid like pattern of roads, a complex sewage and water supply network and carefully planned uniform housing designs. ... Hence, the Indus valley civilization cities laid the foundation of modern cities through their urban planning.
2A) Archaeological sources are the main source of studying the harappan civilization because it provides evidences about the culture, art, architecture of that time. It becomes the main sources also because no written evidences were available.