c) Write a note on Predation.
d) Describe how domestic combustion is a major source of air pollution.
e) What is agro forestry?
Question 2 :
a) What is meant by synergism?
b) Write two differences between primary pollutants and secondary pollutants.
c) Write tivo effects of acid rain on aquatic life.
d) How can deforestation lead to climate change?
e) What is meant by sustainable use of resource?
Question 3 :
a) What is detrital web?
b) Name any four substances that causes ozone depletion.
c c) What are the two broad categories of species interaction? Chp - 2
d) Lead is one of the most hazardous pollutants. Explain.
cl List two ways of combating deforestation.
Answers
Answer:
1 (c) Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually).
1 (d) Particulate matter is also the most widely used indicator to assess the health effects from exposure to ambient air pollution. The greatest source of particulate matter around the home is generally the combustion of polluting fuels in open hearths or poorly vented, inefficient stoves or space heaters.
2 (a) Synergism comes from the Greek word "synergos" meaning working together. ... In toxicology, synergism refers to the effect caused when exposure to two or more chemicals at one time results in health effects that are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual chemicals.
2 (b) A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source. A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere.
2 (c) The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acidic lakes have no fish.
2 (d) When trees are cut down and burned or allowed to rot, their stored carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide. And this is how deforestation and forest degradation contribute to global warming.
2 (e) Use of resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term degradation of the environment, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.
3 (a) A detrital food web consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying organic matter (dead organisms), called decomposers or detritivores. These organisms are usually bacteria or fungi that recycle organic material back into the biotic part of the ecosystem as they themselves are consumed by other organisms.
3 (b) ozone depleting substances -
- chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- halon.
- carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
- methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
- hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
- hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
- methyl bromide (CH3Br)
- bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl)
3 (c) Species interactions within ecological webs include four main types of two-way interactions: mutualism, commensalism, competition, and predation (which includes herbivory and parasitism). Because of the many linkages among species within a food web, changes to one species can have far-reaching effects.
3 (d) Lead emitted from the vehicular exhausts is a harmful pollutant because it persists in the environment as dust for an indefinite time period. It is a major air pollutant in urban areas. Anaemia, weakness, kidney failure, neurological disorders are the symptoms of lead poisoning in humans.
3 (e) ways of combating deforestation
- Plant a Tree where you can.
- Go paperless at home and in the office.
- Buy recycled products and then recycle them again.
- Buy certified wood products.
- Support the products of companies that are committed to reducing deforestation.
- Raise awareness in your circle and in your community.
ANSWER-
C) Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually).
E) Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence.
Question 2-
A) Synergism comes from the Greek word "synergos" meaning working together. ... In toxicology, synergism refers to the effect caused when exposure to two or more chemicals at one time results in health effects that are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual chemicals.
B) Primary pollutants are harmful substances emitted directly into the air. Examples- sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM).
Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants react with one another or with the basic components of air to form new harmful pollutants. Examples- photochemical oxidants (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur trioxide) and secondary particulate matter.
C) Effects of Acid Rain on Fish and Wildlife-
As it flows through the soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and then flow into streams and lakes. ... At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acidic lakes have no fish.
D) The surplus carbon is stored in the plant, helping it to grow. When trees are cut down and burned or allowed to rot, their stored carbon is released into the air as carbon dioxide. And this is how deforestation and forest degradation contribute to global warming.
E) Use of resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term degradation of the environment, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.
Question 3-
A) A detrital food web consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying organic matter (dead organisms), called decomposers or detritivores. These organisms are usually bacteria or fungi that recycle organic material back into the biotic part of the ecosystem as they themselves are consumed by other organisms.
B) Ozone depleting substances are:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Halon.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
C) Species interactions within ecological webs include four main types of two-way interactions: mutualism, commensalism, competition, and predation (which includes herbivory and parasitism). Because of the many linkages among species within a food web, changes to one species can have far-reaching effects.
D) Lead emitted from the vehicular exhausts is a harmful pollutant because it persists in the environment as dust for an indefinite time period. It is a major air pollutant in urban areas. Anaemia, weakness, kidney failure, neurological disorders are the symptoms of lead poisoning in humans.
E) Two ways of combating deforestation:
- Plant a tree.
- Go paperless.