Calculate the potential maximum voltage to the nearest volt of a series string of 10 modules, with a module open circuit voltage of 38.1 volts, an STC based temperature coefficient of -0.17 V/°C, in a location where the lowest recorded temperature is -20 degrees Celsius.
Answers
Explanation:
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A PV module will be typically rated at 25 °C under 1 kW/m2. However, when operating in the field, they typically operate at higher temperatures and at somewhat lower insolation conditions. In order to determine the power output of the solar cell, it is important to determine the expected operating temperature of the PV module. The Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is defined as the temperature reached by open circuited cells in a module under the conditions as listed below:
Irradiance on cell surface = 800 W/m2
Air Temperature = 20°C
Wind Velocity = 1 m/s
Mounting = open back side.
The equations for solar radiation and temperature difference between the module and air show that both conduction and convective losses are linear with incident solar insolation for a given wind speed, provided that the thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient do not vary strongly with temperature. The NOCT for best case, worst case and average PV modules are shown below. The best case includes aluminium fins at the rear of the module for cooling which reduces the thermal resistance and increases the surface area for convection.