Calculate the Remnant Induction of a specimen using following data; B-
coordinate of the point B (OB)= 2.2 cm and Vertical gain set in CRO (SV)=
0.5 V/cm. (in Wb/m2)
Answers
are the same, apart from the additional repulsive Coulomb force for the proton–
proton interaction.
Evidence for the limited range of nuclear forces comes from scattering experi-
ments and from studies of nuclear binding energies. The short range of the nuclear
force is shown in the neutron–proton (n–p) potential energy plot of Figure 44.3a
obtained by scattering neutrons from a target containing hydrogen. The depth of
the n–p potential energy well is 40 to 50 MeV, and there is a strong repulsive com-
ponent that prevents the nucleons from approaching much closer than 0.4 fm.
The nuclear force does not affect electrons, enabling energetic electrons to serve
as point-like probes of nuclei. The charge independence of the nuclear force also
means that the main difference between the n–p and p–p interactions is that the
p–p potential energy consists of a superposition of nuclear and Coulomb interactions
as shown in Figure 44.3b. At distances less than 2 fm, both p–p and n–p potential
energies are nearly identical, but for distances of 2 fm or greater, the p–p potential
has a positive energy barrier with a maximum at 4 fm.
The existence of the nuclear force results in approximately 270 stable nuclei;
hundreds of other nuclei have been observed, but they are unstable. A plot of neu-
tron number N versus atomic number Z for a number of stable nuclei is given in Fig-
ure 44.4. The stable nuclei are represented by the black dots, which lie in a narrow
range called the line of stability. Notice that the light stable nuclei contain an equal
number of protons and neutrons; that is, N 5 Z. Also notice that in heavy stable
nuclei, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons: above Z 5 20, the
line of stability deviates upward from the line representing N 5 Z. This deviation
can be understood by recognizing that as the number of protons increases, the
strength of the Coulomb force increases, which tends to break the nucleus apart.
As a result, more neutrons are needed to keep the nucleus stable because neutrons
experience only the attractive nuclear force. Eventually, the repulsive Coulomb
forces between protons cannot be compensated by the addition of more neutrons.
This point occurs at Z 5 83, meaning that elements that contain more than 83 pro-
tons do not have stable nuclei.
are the same, apart from the additional repulsive Coulomb force for the proton– proton interaction.
Evidence for the limited range of nuclear forces comes from scattering experiments and from studies of nuclear binding energies. The short range of the nuclear force is shown in the neutron–proton (n–p) potential energy plot of Figure 44.3a obtained by scattering neutrons from a target containing hydrogen. The depth of the n–p potential energy well is 40 to 50 MeV, and there is a strong repulsive component that prevents the nucleons from approaching much closer than 0.4 fm.
The nuclear force does not affect electrons, enabling energetic electrons to serve as point-like probes of nuclei. The charge independence of the nuclear force also means that the main difference between the n–p and p–p interactions is that the p–p potential energy consists of a superposition of nuclear and Coulomb interactions as shown in Figure 44.3b. At distances less than 2 fm, both p–p and n–p potential energies are nearly identical, but for distances of 2 fm or greater, the p–p potential has a positive energy barrier with a maximum at 4 fm.
The existence of the nuclear force results in approximately 270 stable nuclei; hundreds of other nuclei have been observed, but they are unstable. A plot of neutron number N versus atomic number Z for a number of stable nuclei is given in Figure 44.4. The stable nuclei are represented by the black dots, which lie in a narrow range called the line of stability. Notice that the light stable nuclei contain an equal number of protons and neutrons; that is, N 5 Z. Also notice that in heavy stable nuclei, the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons: above Z 5 20, the line of stability deviates upward from the line representing N 5 Z. This deviation can be understood by recognizing that as the number of protons increases, the strength of the Coulomb force increases, which tends to break the nucleus apart.
As a result, more neutrons are needed to keep the nucleus stable because neutrons experience only the attractive nuclear force. Eventually, the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons cannot be compensated by the addition of more neutrons.
This point occurs at Z 5 83, meaning that elements that contain more than 83 protons do not have stable nuclei.