can any body give me notes of plant kingdom of class 11
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Kingdom Plantae includes green, brown and red algae, liwerworts, mosses, ferns and seed plants with or without flowers. They have the following characters:-
(1) Multicellular organisms with walled and frequently vacuolate eukaryotic cells.
(2) They contain photosynthetic pigment in plastids.
(3) Principle mode of nutrition is photosynthesis but number of plants has become absorptive.
(4) Primarily non-motile, living anchored to a substrate.
(5) Structural differentiation leading towards organs of photosynthesis, anchorage and support and in higher forms towards specialized photosynthetic, vascular and covering tissues.
(6) Reproduction is primarily asexual or sexual. The reproductive organs are multicellular.
(7) A multicellular embryo is formed during development from the zygote. Algae lack embryo stage. Life cycle consists of alternating haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generation. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation.
Thallophyta
Algae
(1) The branch of botany dealing with the study of algae is called as phycology or algology.
(2) It is derived from the Greek word Phykos which means 'alga' or 'sea weed'.
(3) They are simple, autotrophic non-vascular plants having unicelled sex organs and no embryo formation.
(4) According to Fritsch, (1935) the designation alga must include all holophytic organisms.
(5) Specialized habitats
(a) Cryophytes: Plants growing on snow or ice are called as cryophytes.
(b) Thermophytes: Plants growing in hot water are called as thermophytes
(c) Epiphytes: Several algal forms grow on other plants (algae, angiosperms) as epiphytes. e.g., Oedogonium, Cladophora, Vaucheria etc.
(d) Endophytes: Some blue-green algae grows as endophytes inside other plants e.g., Anabaena growing inside the leaf of Azolla (fern)
(e) Epizoic: Algae growing on the bodies of animals are described as epizoic. e.g., Cladophora crispata grows on snail shell.
(f) Endozoic: Algae growing inside the body of animals. e.g., Chlorella grows with in the tissue of Hydra.
(g) Symbiotic forms: Some algae like Chlorella, Nostoc etc. growing in symbiotic relationship with members of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (Fungi) constitute the lichen.
(6) Parasites: The alga Cephaleuros virescens grows a parasite on the tea leaves.
(7) Thallus organization: The algae show a considerable variation in the organization of the thallus.
(i) Unicellular forms: Several members of algae are unicelled. They may be motile (Chlamydomonas) or non-motile (diatoms).
(ii) Multicellular forms: The multicelled algae show a considerable range in their organization.
(a) Colonial: A colony consists of independent organisms. While the colony of Volvox is motile, that of Hydrodictyon is fixed.
(b) Planeloid: Here the vegetative cells of the alga get surrounded by a mucilagenous matrix e.g., Tetraspora.
(c) Dendroid: Here the colony appears like a microscopic tree. There is secretion of mucilage from the polar end e.g., Ecballocystis.
(d) Filamentous: The filaments may be uniseriate or multiseriate, free floating or attached, unbranched (Ulothrix) or branched (Cladophora).
(e) Siphonous: An aseptate, multinucleate (coenocytic) condition of a filament or thallus constitutes the siphonous habit e.g., Vaucheria.
(f) Parenchymatous: Parenchymatous organization of the thallus has been observed in many members of brown algae (Sargassum, Laminaria), red algae (Gracillaria, Porphyra) and a few green algae (Chara, Ulva) etc.
(8) Classification: Linnaeus (1754) differentiated a group of plant and called as 'algae' where he included lichens and liverworts also. Fritsch (1935) classified algae into 11 classes as under :
(i) Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
(ii) Xanthophyceae (Yellow-green algae)
(iii) Chrysophyceae
(iv) Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
(v) Cryptophyceae
(vi) Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellates)
(vii) Chloromonadineae
(viii) Euglenineae (Euglenoids)
(ix) Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
(x) Rhodophyceae
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