Can anyone give a conclusion on a geography project based on volcanoes . Class 9 ISCE
Answers
Aims:
1. To develop an understanding of terms, concepts and
principles related to Geography.
2. To explain the cause- effect relationships of natural
phenomena.
3. To understand the use of natural resources and
development of regions.
4. To acquire knowledge of and appreciate the
interdependence of nations and different regions of
the world.
5. To know the availability of resources, understand,
explain their uses and appreciate the problems of
development in India.
6. To understand and encourage human efforts made to
conserve and protect the natural environment.
7. To acquire practical skills related to the meaning
and use of maps and their importance in the study of
Geography.
CLASS IX
There will be one paper of two hours duration carrying
80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20 marks.
The question paper will consist of Part I and Part II.
Part I (compulsory) will consist of two questions.
Question 1 will consist of short answer questions from
the entire syllabus and Question 2 will consist of a
question based on World Map.
Part II. Candidates will be required to choose any five
questions.
Candidates will be expected to make the fullest use of
sketches, diagrams, graphs and charts in their answers.
Questions may require answers involving the
interpretation of photographs of geographical interest.
PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Our World
(i) Earth as a planet
Shape of the earth. Earth as the home of
humankind and the conditions that exist.
(ii) Geographic grid - Latitudes & Longitudes
(a) Concept of latitudes: main latitudes, their
location with degrees, parallels of latitude and
their uses. (b) Concept of longitudes - Prime
Meridian, time (local, standard and time zones,
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and
International Date Line (IDL). Eastern and
Western hemisphere. (c) Using latitudes and
longitudes to find location. Calculation of time.
(d) Great Circles and their use.
(iii)Rotation and Revolution
Rotation – direction, speed and its effects
(occurrence of day and night, the sun rising in
the east and setting in the west, Coriolis effect)
Revolution of the earth and its inclined axis –
effects: the variation in the length of the day
and night and seasonal changes with
Equinoxes and Solstices.
2. Structure of the Earth
(i) Earth’s Structure
Core, mantle, crust – meaning, extent and their
composition.
(ii) Landforms of the Earth
Mountains, plateaus, plains (definition, types
and their formation):
Mountains – fold, residual and block.
Plateaus – intermont and volcanic.
Plains – structural and depositional.
Examples from the world and India.
(iii)Rocks- difference between minerals and rocks,
types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary,
metamorphic, their characteristics and
formation; rock cycle.
(iv) Volcanoes
Meaning, Types – active, dormant and extinct.
Effects – constructive and destructive.
Important volcanic zones of the world.
(v) Earthquakes
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Meaning, causes and measurement.
Effects: destructive and constructive.
Earthquake zones of the World
(vi) Weathering and Denudation
Meaning, types and effects of weathering.
Types: Physical Weathering – block and
granular disintegration, exfoliation;
Chemical Weathering–oxidation, carbonation,
hydration and solution;
Biological Weathering – caused by humans,
plants and animals.
Meaning and agents of denudation; work of
river and wind.
Stages of a river course and associated land
forms – V-shaped valley, waterfall, meander
and delta.
Wind – deflation hollows and Sand dunes.
3. Hydrosphere
Meaning of hydrosphere.
Tides - formation and pattern.
Ocean Currents – their circulation pattern and
effects. (Specifically of Gulf Stream, North
Atlantic Drift, Labrador Current, Kuro Shio and
Oya Shio.)
4. Atmosphere
(i) Composition and structure of the atmosphere.
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere and
Exosphere; Ozone in the Stratosphere, its
depletion. Global warming and its impact.
(ii) Insolation
• Meaning of insolation and terrestrial
radiation.
• Factors affecting temperature: latitude,
altitude, distance from the sea, slope of land,
winds and ocean currents.
(iii)Atmospheric Pressure and Winds.
• Meaning and factors that affect
atmospheric pressure.
• Major pressure belts of the world.
• Factors affecting direction and velocity of
wind – pressure gradient, Coriolis Effect.
• Permanent winds – Trades, Westerlies and
Polar Easterlies.
• Periodic winds - Land and Sea breezes,
Monsoons.
• Local winds - Loo, Chinook, Foehn and
Mistral.
• Variable winds - Cyclones and
Anticyclones.
• Jet Streams- Meaning and importance.
(v) Humidity
• Humidity – meaning and difference
between relative and absolute humidity.
• Condensation – forms (clouds, dew,
frost, fog and mist).
• Precipitation - forms (rain, snow, and
hail).
• Types of rainfall – relief/orograph