Question

can anyone give examples of trivalent ions​

Answer 1

Answer:

For example, Na+ is a monovalent cation, Cl- is a monovalent anion, Ca2+ is a divalent cation, SO42- is a divalent anion, Fe3+ is a trivalent cation, and PO43- is a trivalent anion. Ions of larger valency also exist.

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Answer 2

Ruby is the material in which laser operation was first demonstrated, in 1960. Ruby is sapphire (crystalline aluminum oxide) in which a small percentage (typically 0.05 percent) of the aluminum has been replaced by chromium. The chromium resides in the crystalline lattice of the sapphire as a trivalent ion. The energy level diagram of ruby has already been shown in Figure 1-9. Ruby absorbs light in the green and blue portions of the visible spectrum and emits red fluorescence at 0.6943 μm, which is also the wavelength of laser operation. Ruby is a three-level system, so that more than 50 percent of the electrons must be excited to cause a population inversion. Thus, the laser threshold of ruby is relatively high, and intense optical pumping is required.