Question

Can someone pls brief out the chapter diversity in living organisms in detail?

Answer 1

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus, and species.

Importance of classification

Method of arranging and grouping of organisms in various divisions is called
classification.It makes the study of an enormous diversity of organisms easy.

Five Kingdom Classification

The five kingdom classification proposed by R.H Whittaker, is the most commonly used form of classification.

Kingdom Monera 


They are the most abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere.They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites.Shape Categories
the spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci),
the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli),
the comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio)
the spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)

 

Kingdom Protista

All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista, but the boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined. Members of Protista are primarily aquatic.This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals and fungi.Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a well define dnucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

 

Kingdom Fungi

The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. They show a great diversity in morphology and habitat.Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places.Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae. The network of hyphae is known as mycelium. Some hyphaeare continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm – these are called coenocytic hyphae.The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharides.Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes.

 

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants.A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the insectivorous plants or parasites. Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a
parasite.The plant cells have a eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose.The Plant Kingdom can be further classified into two main subkingdoms:A] Plants That Don’t Make Seeds (Subkingdom Crypytogamae):It is divided into three divisions as follows
1. Thallophyta:-
The plant body is simple thallus type.
The plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
They are commonly known as algae. Examples: Spirogyra, volvox, ulothtrix, etc.2. Bryophyta:-
The plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf-like structure.
The vascular system is absent, which means there is no specialized tissue for transportation of
water, minerals, and food. Examples: Moss, liverworts.3. Pteridophyta:-
The plant body is differentiated into root, stem, and leaf.
The vascular system is present. Which means specialized tissues to conduct food, water, and
minerals in plants. Examples: Ferns, Horsetails, etc.B] Plants That Make Seeds (Subkingdom Phanerogamae):
It is further divided into two subdivisions as follows:
1. Gymnosperms:-
They bear seeds. Seeds are naked, i.e. are not covered.
The word ‘gymnos’ means naked and ‘sperma’ means seed.
They are perennial plants. Examples: Pine, cycas, deodar, etc.

2. Angiosperms:-
The seeds are covered. The word ‘angios’ means covered.
Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants because a flower is a specialized organ
meant for reproduction.
Angiosperms are further divided into two groups, viz. monocotyledonous and
dicotyledonous.

(a) Monocotyledonous: There is single seed leaf in a seed. A seed leaf is a baby plant.
Examples: wheat, rice, maize, etc.
(b) Dicotyledonous: There are two cotyledons in a seed. Examples: Mustard, gram, mango

 

Kingdom Animalia

This kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food. They digest their food in an internal
cavity and store food reserves as glycogen or fat.Their mode of nutrition is holozoic – by ingestion of food. They follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite shape and size. Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism. Most of them are capable of locomotion

Answer 2

Heya mate,

Here is your answer,. ⬇️⬇️

${ANSWER :-}$

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$<i>$ The world have many many kinds of various organisms. These organisms have several characteristics. On the basis of -
1. Body organisation
2. Cellular structure
3. Mode of nutrition, and
4. Plylogenic characters
The organisms were divided into 5 kingdoms.

KINGDOM MONERA

➡️ Single celled
➡️ Prokaryotic
➡️ Have single stranded flagella

KINGDOM PROTISTA

➡️ Single celled
➡️ Eukaryotic
➡️ Have whip-like flagella

KINGDOM FUNGI

➡️ Generally multicellular ( except yeast)
➡️ Are sporophytes
➡️ Heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

KINGDOM PLANTAE

➡️ Are stationary
➡️ Size greatly varies
➡️ Autotrophs

They have further classification ⬆️
1. Thallophyta
2. Bryophyta
3. Pteridophyta
4. Gyamnosperms
5. Angiosperms

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

➡️ Eukaryotic
➡️ Multicellular
➡️ Heterotrophs

They also have further classification ⬆️
1. Porifera
2. Coelenterata
3. Platyhelminthes
4. Nematoda
5. Annelida
6. Arthropoda
7. Mollusca
8. Echinodermata
9. Chordata

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TAXONOMIC GROUPS

There are 7 taxonomic groups -
➡️ species (sapiens)
➡️ genus ( homo)
➡️ family (hominidae)
➡️ order (primates)
➡️ class (mammalia)
➡️ division (chordata)
➡️ kingdom (Animalia)

NOMENCLATURE

It involves the naming of the organism in a scientific way.

In this, generally genus and species name is used.
ex - Homo sapiens, Cocos nucifera

⬆️Explained in brief⬆️

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$<b>$ Hope this helps,.

If helps, please mark 'thanks'

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REGARDS, ARNAB ✌️

THANK YOU