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Answer:
A moving car has a lot of kinetic energy. When you apply the brakes, that energy of motion is transformed into something else, and the car slows down.
Most cars use friction brakes, which inhibit motion by converting kinetic energy to heat. Because cars are massive and move fast, they have a lot of energy to convert. That means brakes get very hot, 450∘C or more during typical use.
As brakes heat, they fade (become weaker) and eventually fail (that's why it's good to shift into a lower gear on a long downhill grade rather than ride the brakes).
More advanced automobiles use regenerative braking, where a portion of the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy and stored in batteries (this is not 100% efficient and a significant fraction of the kinetic energy is still converted to heat).
Regenerative braking adds cost and complexity to the design, but also adds a lot of efficiency (it's one reason a Prius gets > 50 mpg) and extends the life of the braking system.