Carbon compound bond length 1.33A express in si unit
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Answer:
The potential well diagram of a homonuclear diatomic is a good way to understand a covalent bond as illustrated for hydrogen in figure 8.9.1. It needs to be understood that a bond is dynamic, with the atoms oscillating around an equilibrium distance, which we call the bond length. This oscillation can be understood figure 8.9.1. Region (1) shows the atoms completely separated. As they come closer together the electrons of each atom start being attracted to the nuclei of the other atom as in region (2), which lowers the energy and causes a bond. As the atoms keep moving closer the nuculear-nuclear repulsion start to become significant, and in region (4) the energy increases and the atoms move apart. Region (3) is the equilibrium bond length which represents the bottom of the potential well and is the length at which the molecules oscillate back and forth around.
Fig. 8.9.1(a): Potential Well Diagram for H2, where the energy of the H-H bond is plotted as a function of the internuclear distance (radius)
(b). A water molecule showing how the OH bonds oscillate around an equilibrium position (3) of the diagram to the left.
From eq. 8.9.1 we note that when the atoms are separated by infinity (r=infinity) the energy is being divided by infinity, which means it is infinitesimally small and thus equals zero. This means the bond itself has a negative energy and the bond dissociation energy is the endothermic energy you must add to break a bond. Note, this also indicate why opposite charges attract, as that lowers the energy of the bonded particles when compared to the separated particles. It is important that you remember that any bond can be written as a "formation" (exothermic) or dissociation (endothermic) process.
Generic Bond Dissociation
If we look at a generic covalent bond as two electrons being represented as two shared electrons, we see there are two basic ways to break the bond, homolytically and heterolytically. In the former each of the separated species has one electron (is a free radical), while the second forms ions, with one species having both electrons and the other having none.
Heterolytic bond cleavage
A−B→
A
+
+B
:
−
(8.9.2)
(8.9.2)A−B→A++B:−
or
A−B→A
:
−
+
B
+
(8.9.3)
Homolytic bond cleavage
A−B→A⋅+B⋅
(8.9.4)
Explanation:
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