Question

Carboxylic Acids 
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid. If there are two -COOH groups, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -COOH groups present (-anedioic acid - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is not necessary to indicate the position of the -COOH group because this group will be at the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

The carboxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.

If the carboxyl group is attached to a ring the parent ring is named and the suffix -carboxylic acid is added.

When both double bonds and carboxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -eninstead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the parent name as before, and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix directly. Remember it is not necessary to specify the location of the carboxyl group because it will automatically be carbon #1. See below for examples. Again, the carboxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.

There are several common names which are acceptable as IUPAC names. They are shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these names will not be accepted by the computer. Eventually they will be accepted.

If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is numbered to give the substituents the lowestnumber at the first point of difference.

Here are some examples:


 

Esters 
Systematic names of esters are based on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid. Remember esters look like this:




The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what is left over) is named by replacing the -ic acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.

Here are some examples:


Amines 
You are only expected to know how to name amines by their common names . They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine. The prefixes di- and tri- are used if two or three of the alkyl groups are the same. 
NOTE: Some books put spaces between the parts of the name, but we will not. Follow the examples.

Here are some examples:


 

Summary of functional groups 

Functional groupPrefixSuffixcarboxylic acidsnone-oic acidaldehydesnone-alketonesnone-onealcholshydroxy--olaminesamino--amineethersalkoxy--etherfluorinefluoro-nonechlorinechloro-nonebrominebromo-noneiodineiodo-none

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Answer 1

Answer:

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