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Answers
Arsenic poisoning, or arsenicosis, happens when a person takes in dangerous levels of arsenic. Arsenic is a natural semi-metallic chemical that is found all over the world in groundwater.
Intake can result from swallowing, absorbing, or inhaling the chemical.
Arsenic poisoning can cause major health complications and death if it is not treated, so precautions exist to protect those who are at risk.
Arsenic is often implicated in deliberate poisoning attempts, but an individual can be exposed to arsenic through contaminated groundwater, infected soil, and rock, and arsenic-preserved wood.
However, arsenic in the environment is not immediately dangerous, and it is rare to find toxic amounts of arsenic in nature.
Fast facts about arsenic poisoning
Arsenic is a natural metalloid chemical that may be present in groundwater.
Ingestion only poses health problems if a dangerous amount of arsenic enters the body. Then, it can lead to cancer, liver disease, coma, and death.
Treatment involves bowel irrigation, medication, and chelation therapy.
It is rare to find dangerous amounts of arsenic in the natural environment. Areas with dangerous arsenic levels are usually well-known and provisions exist to prevent and handle the risk of poisoning.
Anyone who suspects there may be high arsenic levels in their local environment should contact their local authorities for more information.
What is arsenic?
Arsenic
The effects of arsenic are dangerous, but overexposure to it is very rare.
Arsenic is a naturally occurring, metalloid component of the Earth's crust. Minuscule quantities of arsenic occur in all rock, air, water, and soil. A metalloid is a substance that is not a metal but shares many qualities with metals.
The concentration of arsenic may be higher in certain geographical regions. This could be a result of human activity, such as metal mining or the use of pesticides. Natural conditions can also lead to a higher concentration.
It can be found combined with other elements in different chemical compounds. Organic forms of arsenic also contain carbon, but inorganic forms do not. Arsenic cannot be dissolved in water.
Inorganic arsenic compounds are more harmful than organic ones. They are more likely to react with the cells in the body, displace certain elements from the cell, and change the cell's function.
For example, cells use phosphate for energy generation and signaling, but one form of arsenic, known as arsenate, can imitate and replace the phosphate in the cell. This impairs the ability of the cell to generate energy and communicate with other cells.
This cell-altering ability may be useful in cancer treatment, as some studies have shown it can send the disease into remission and help thin the blood. Arsenic-based chemotherapy drugs, such as arsenic trioxide, are already in use for some cancers.
Symptoms
The symptoms of arsenic poisoning can be acute, or severe and immediate, or chronic, where damage to health is experienced over a longer period. This will often depend on the method of exposure.
A person who has swallowed arsenic may show signs and symptoms within 30 minutes.
These may include:
drowsiness
headaches
confusion
severe diarrhea
If arsenic has been inhaled, or a less concentrated amount has been ingested, symptoms may take longer to develop. As the arsenic poisoning progresses, the patient may start experiencing convulsions, and their fingernail pigmentation may change.
Signs and symptoms associated with more severe cases of arsenic poisoning are:
a metallic taste in the mouth and garlicky breath
excess saliva
problems swallowing
blood in the urine
cramping muscles
hair loss
stomach cramps
convulsions
excessive sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
Arsenic poisoning typically affects the skin, liver, lungs, and kidneys. In the final stage, symptoms include seizures and shock. This could lead to a coma or death.
Complications
Complications linked to long-term arsenic consumption include:
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Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. The brain is the most sensitive. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, inability to have children, and tingling in the hands and feet. It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases anemia, seizures, coma, or death may occur.
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