causes, events and outcome1965 war?
Answers
American shipping initially prospered from trade with the French and Spanish empires, although the British countered the U.S. claim that “free ships make free goods” with the belated enforcement of the so-called Rule of 1756 (trade not permitted in peacetime would not be allowed in wartime). The Royal Navy did enforce the act from 1793 to 1794, especially in the Caribbean Sea, before the signing of the Jay Treaty (November 19, 1794). Under the primary terms of the treaty, American maritime commerce was given trading privileges in England and the British East Indies, Britain agreed to evacuate forts still held in the Northwest Territory by June 1, 1796, and the Mississippi River was declared freely open to both countries. Although the treaty was ratified by both countries, it was highly unpopular in the United States and was one of the rallying points used by the pro-French Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in wresting power from the pro-British Federalists, led by George Washington and John Adams.
After Jefferson became president in 1801, relations with Britain slowly deteriorated, and systematic enforcement of the Rule of 1756 resumed after 1805. Compounding this troubling development, the decisive British naval victory at the Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805) and efforts by the British to blockade French ports prompted the French emperor, Napoleon, to cut off Britain from European and American trade. The Berlin Decree (November 21, 1806) established Napoleon’s Continental System, which impinged on U.S. neutral rights by designating ships that visited British ports as enemy vessels. The British responded with Orders in Council (November 11, 1807) that required neutral ships to obtain licenses at English ports before trading with France or French colonies. In turn, France announced the Milan Decree (December 17, 1807), which strengthened the Berlin Decree by authorizing the capture of any neutral vessel that had submitted to search by the British. Consequently, American ships that obeyed Britain faced capture by the French in European ports, and if they complied with Napoleon’s Continental System, they could fall prey to the Royal Navy.
The Indo-Pak War of 1965 was the culmination of a series of disputes between India and Pakistan.
Reasons:
- The partition of India even led to dispute over sharing of river waters. The water of nearly all the rivers – Indus, Chenab, Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi flowed from India. In 1948 India stopped water of these rivers.
- A dispute ensued and the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 signed between Nehru and Ayub Khan. After this Pakistan was to use waters of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus while India was to use the waters of Sutlej, Beas and Ravi.
- Then boundary commission tried to settle the border dispute. Dispute ensued over Rann of Kutch in 1965 Pakistan attacked near Kutch border. India referred dispute to UN. Seeing this as India’s weakness, Pakistan tried to outrage Kashmir. On 5 August, 1965 Pakistan stationed troops along the LOC.
Effects:
- The War began following Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate irregular “Jihadi” forces into J & K to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.
- War ended in a United Nations mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
Note: Tashkent Declaration was signed between President Ayub Khan of Pakistan and Shastri an Indian Premier to solve all the disputes bilaterally and strive to live in peace. This agreement was signed on January 10, 1966.
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However, at the conclusion of the War, many Pakistanis considered the performance of their military to be positive. 6 September is celebrated as Defence Day in Pakistan, in commemoration of successful defence of Lahore against the Indian Army.
After the Tashkent declaration the two sides of the nation got disillusioned and Z. A Bhutto, Pakistani’s premier said that ‘Hindu Culture’ was determined to devour ‘Islamic Culture’.
- Pakistan showed hard postures to solve Kashmir dispute.
- Pakistan allowed China to use road in Gilgit an area of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
- Disputes even emerged over the use of Ganga waters and construction of Farakka barrage.
- With this the relations between the two further reached at its lowest ebb in 1971, which results in the emergence of civil war in East Pakistan with lots of Chaos, So, now another war with Pakistan.