Causes for the rise of fascism and nazism????
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March 1919 Benito Mussolini, a socialist turned nationalist, founded a new movement in Milan that became known as ‘fascism’. The fasces—a bound bundle of sticks—had been a symbol of republican unity in ancient Rome. For Mussolini they signified the unity of the nation, and in particular the incorporation into Italy of all Italian-speaking territories under Austrian rule, for which Italy had entered the Great War. In September 1919 a demobilised German corporal of Austrian birth, Adolf Hitler, joined the tiny German Workers’ Party, which had been founded in January in his adopted city, Munich, one of many nationalist groups opposing the democratic and socialist revolutions that swept Germany after the war. He rapidly became the party’s leading figure and in late 1920 modified its name to the National Socialist German Workers (or Nazi) Party.
Some historians hold that Italian Fascism and German National Socialism were different phenomena. Mussolini was a national figure in 1919, Hitler an unknown. Italy sat with the victors at the Paris peace conference, whereas Germany had been defeated and the kaiser’s empire abolished. Yet the sway that both men held over their followers soon led to Hitler being dubbed the ‘German Mussolini’, while the paramilitary features of the Fascist ‘Blackshirts’, including their adoption of the raised-arm salute of imperial Rome, were imitated by the Nazis’ brown-shirted SA (Sturmabteilung, or Stormtroop Division). Consequently, other historians have argued that fascism was a general phenomenon with different national variants. One way to explore this issue is to consider both movements up to the point where Fascism consolidated its hold on the state in the mid-1920s and the Nazis seized power in 1933.
Origins
Few of the ideas expressed by Hitler and Mussolini were original. In the late nineteenth century, as the masses pressed for involvement in national politics and industrialisation and urbanisation exposed societies to unprecedented change, the language of politics altered. Parliamentary democracy was still a crusading cause, resisted by conservatives, but socialists criticised liberals and democrats for failing to address economic injustices that seemed to negate democracy. Others, however, rejected both the levelling tendencies of democracy and the revolutionary implications of socialism while recognising that popular politics and social reform had come to stay.
This last response was expressed by a cluster of intellectuals and political activists in France, Germany, Italy and elsewhere, who tried to find new political forms for traditional concerns of order and hierarchy. Their chosen language was nationalism. For a century since the French Revolution, the idea of the nation had been associated with the left, as an alternative source of political legitimacy to monarchy and religion. By making it supreme over all other doctrines, exponents of the new nationalism detached it from this heritage and used it to address the ills—and opportunities—of the age.
Some historians hold that Italian Fascism and German National Socialism were different phenomena. Mussolini was a national figure in 1919, Hitler an unknown. Italy sat with the victors at the Paris peace conference, whereas Germany had been defeated and the kaiser’s empire abolished. Yet the sway that both men held over their followers soon led to Hitler being dubbed the ‘German Mussolini’, while the paramilitary features of the Fascist ‘Blackshirts’, including their adoption of the raised-arm salute of imperial Rome, were imitated by the Nazis’ brown-shirted SA (Sturmabteilung, or Stormtroop Division). Consequently, other historians have argued that fascism was a general phenomenon with different national variants. One way to explore this issue is to consider both movements up to the point where Fascism consolidated its hold on the state in the mid-1920s and the Nazis seized power in 1933.
Origins
Few of the ideas expressed by Hitler and Mussolini were original. In the late nineteenth century, as the masses pressed for involvement in national politics and industrialisation and urbanisation exposed societies to unprecedented change, the language of politics altered. Parliamentary democracy was still a crusading cause, resisted by conservatives, but socialists criticised liberals and democrats for failing to address economic injustices that seemed to negate democracy. Others, however, rejected both the levelling tendencies of democracy and the revolutionary implications of socialism while recognising that popular politics and social reform had come to stay.
This last response was expressed by a cluster of intellectuals and political activists in France, Germany, Italy and elsewhere, who tried to find new political forms for traditional concerns of order and hierarchy. Their chosen language was nationalism. For a century since the French Revolution, the idea of the nation had been associated with the left, as an alternative source of political legitimacy to monarchy and religion. By making it supreme over all other doctrines, exponents of the new nationalism detached it from this heritage and used it to address the ills—and opportunities—of the age.
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at the the first world war ended, Germany was targeted by the treaty of Versailles
its conditions were that Germany did maintain a small army and Navy.
no military training
on maintanence of submarines.
no armaments manufacturing.
all territories occupied by Germany should be given to the winning countries.
this was not looked by the Germans.
that was the time when Hitler joined the Nazi party and inspired the people that he would make Germany the strongest country.
the Germans believed him and made him the leader.
when he came into power, he removed the parliament and killed everybody who opposed him. he killed the old, disabled, and minorities whom he didn't like.
this it was the start of fascism and Nazism
its conditions were that Germany did maintain a small army and Navy.
no military training
on maintanence of submarines.
no armaments manufacturing.
all territories occupied by Germany should be given to the winning countries.
this was not looked by the Germans.
that was the time when Hitler joined the Nazi party and inspired the people that he would make Germany the strongest country.
the Germans believed him and made him the leader.
when he came into power, he removed the parliament and killed everybody who opposed him. he killed the old, disabled, and minorities whom he didn't like.
this it was the start of fascism and Nazism
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