Causes of volcanic eruptions in full detail for project
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Volcanic hazards
Ash thrown into the air by eruptions can present a hazard to aircraft, especially jet aircraft where the particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Dangerous encounters in 1982 after the eruption of Galunggung in Indonesia, and 1989 after the eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska raised awareness of this phenomenon. Nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers were established by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor ash clouds and advise pilots accordingly. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull caused major disruptions to air travel in Europe.
Ash thrown into the air by eruptions can present a hazard to aircraft, especially jet aircraft where the particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Dangerous encounters in 1982 after the eruption of Galunggung in Indonesia, and 1989 after the eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska raised awareness of this phenomenon. Nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers were established by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor ash clouds and advise pilots accordingly. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull caused major disruptions to air travel in Europe.
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Mouseover for eruptionA volcano may refer to
a vent or opening in the surface of the Earth through which lava, hot gases, ash and rock fragments erupt OR
the usually conical mountain formed by the deposition and accumulation of erupted material around the opening.A volcano begins as melted rock (magma) which rises from deep inside the earth toward the surface. As the gas-filled magma rises, it melts gaps in the surrounding rock and forms a large chamber. Pressure from the solid rock around it forces the magma up to the surface through the conduit (channel) in a weakened part of the rock. The gas and melted rock blast out an opening called the central vent.
The erupted materials gradually pile up around the vent, forming a volcano. A bowl-like crater generally forms at the top of the volcano. The vent lies at the bottom of the crater.
Cross-section of A Volcano (modified from U.S. Geological Survey)
Volcanic eruptions are spectacular sights ... chunks of hot rock, red-hot ash and cinders shoot out and huge fiery clouds rise over the mountain. Most volcanic materials erupt through the central vent. However, some magma may break through the main conduit wall and branch out into smaller channels and escape through vents formed in the sides of the volcano.
Some eruptions occur on volcanic islands. Such islands are the tops of volcanic mountains that have been built up from the ocean floor by repeated eruptions.
A volcano is classified as
"active" when it is erupting or has erupted recently"dormant" when it has not erupted recently but is likely to erupt in the future"extinct" when it has not erupted for a long time and is not expected to erupt in the future
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