Cbse class 9 constitutional design review
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Why do we need a Constitution? How are constitutions drawn up? Who designs them and in what way? What are the values that shape the constitutions in democratic states? Once a constitution is accepted, can we make changes later, as required by the changing conditions? These are some of the basic questions asked in Chapter 2 of CBSE Class 9 Political Science. To obtain a clear and crisp overview of all the concepts from this chapter, students can browse through these CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 2 Constitutional Design.
Given below in this article is the link to access the CBSE Class 9 Social Science Notes of Chapter 2 from Political Science. Students can just browse through these notes and prepare for the exam.
Download CBSE Notes Class 9 Political Science Chapter 2 Constitutional Design PDF
Constitutional Design
Democratic Constitution in South Africa
Apartheid
Apartheid is a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa imposed by the white Europeans. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the trading companies from Europe occupied it with arms and force and became the local rulers. The system of apartheid divided the people and labelled them on the basis of their skin colour. The white rulers treated all nonwhites as inferiors. The non-whites did not have voting rights and were forbidden from living in white areas. The blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system, from 1950. The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation. Nelson Mandela was one of the leaders amongst the eight who were tried for treason by the white South African government. They were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in the country.
Giving Rise to a New Constitution
As the protests and struggles against apartheid increased, the blacks could no longer be kept under the rule of the government through repression. The white regime changed its policies. Discriminatory laws were repealed. Ban on political parties and restrictions on the media were lifted. Nelson Mandela was released after 28 years in the Robben Island Prison. The apartheid government came to an end on the midnight of 26 April 1994, paving way for the formation of a multi-racial government.
Following the emergence of the new democratic South Africa, the party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom struggle sat together to draw up a common constitution. This constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. Together, they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems, nobody should be excluded.
Why the Need for a Constitution?
Take the example of South Africa to see why we need the constitution and what constitutions do. The oppressor and oppressed were planning to live together as equals in the new democracy. Each section wanted to safeguard their interests and wanted substantial social and economic rights. Through negotiations, both parties came to a compromise. The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers. The blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute and that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority. How was this compromise to be implemented? The only way to build and maintain trust in such a situation was to write down some rules of the game that everyone would abide by. These supreme rules that no government would be able to ignore are called a constitution.
Every country has diverse groups of people. All over the world people have differences of opinion and interests. The constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government. Find what constitutions do below:
First, it generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together
Second, it specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have the power to take which decisions
Third, it lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are
Fourth, it expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society
All countries that have constitutions are not necessarily democratic. But all countries that are democratic will have constitutions.
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