cells of the body when exposed to radiation dose of around 100 rem
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Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation, in a short period of time.[1] The symptoms of ARS can start within the hour of exposure, and can last for several months.[1][3][5] Within the first few days the symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and a loss of appetite.[1] In the following few hours or weeks will be a few symptoms, which later become additional symptoms, after which is either recovery or death.[1]ARS involves a total dose of greater than 0.7 Gy (70 rad), that generally occurs from a source outside the body, delivered within a few minutes.[1] Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally.[6] They may involve nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, and certain devices used in cancer therapy.[4] It is generally divided into three types: bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular syndrome, with bone marrow syndrome occurring at 0.7 to 10 Gy, and neurovascular syndrome occurring at doses that exceed 50 Gy.[1][3] The cells that are most affected are generally those that are rapidly dividing.[3] At high doses, this causes DNA damage that may be irreparable.[4] Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and symptoms.[4] Repeated complete blood counts (CBCs) can indicate the severity of exposure.[1]
Treatment of ARS is generally supportive care.[3] This may include blood transfusions, antibiotics, colony-stimulating factors, or stem cell transplant.[3] Radioactive material remaining on the skin or in the stomach should be removed.[4] If radioiodine was inhaled or ingested, potassium iodide is recommended.[4] Complications like leukemia and other cancers among those who survive are managed as usual.[4] Short term outcomes depend on the dose exposure.[4]
ARS is generally rare.[3] A single event, however, can affect a relatively large number of people.[7] Notable cases occurred following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster.[1] ARS differs from chronic radiation syndrome, which occurs following prolonged exposures to relatively low doses of radiation.[8][9]