Charge produced in butane -o2 fuel cell if 2 mole butane is consumd will be
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Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Hydrogen Production from Light Hydrocarbons
By Ahmed Aidid Ibrahim
Submitted: October 31st 2017Reviewed: March 27th 2018Published: August 22nd 2018
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76813
Home > Books > Advances In Hydrogen Generation Technologies
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Abstract
Recognizing and procurement of a sustainable energy system are among the supreme important problems that today’s scientists should tackle. Interchanging the existing fossil fuels and transforming them into a sustainable fuel is one of the vital pieces in that system. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, obtained from light hydrocarbons, can take an essential role in the matters of sustainability, eco-friendly emissions, and energy saving. Our enthusiasm in stirring toward a hydrogen economy has its root in the vision of securing energy requirements at a satisfactory price, with larger competence and small environmental destruction associated with the utilization of traditional fuels. Hydrogen production pathways and relevant issues are discussed here. This chapter highlights the recent technological progress in the light hydrocarbons toward sustainable hydrogen production.
Keywords
light hydrocarbons hydrocarbon reforming H2 production
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1. Introduction
The atmospheric emission of greenhouse gases as result of the constant burning of fossil fuels put a grave risk to the worldwide environs and subsequent climate variation [1]. Greenhouse gases such as CH4, CO2, N2O, and others organic pollutants result from the burning of carbon-based fuels [2]. Fossil fuel combustion affects negatively the climate change [3]. Furthermore, the mounting energy requirement has necessitated the price rise of conventional fuel which is diminishing. It is estimated that coal reserves will be depleted in around 200 years [4]; however, the world’s growing population and industrialization are driving an ever-increasing demand for energy [5, 6]. With the pressure of climate change and the structural problems in the energy sector, discovering and developing renewable energies to replace current dominant energy sources is necessary to ensure a sustainable energy future [7]. Because hydrogen has significant advantages as an energy transporter, a hydrogen-based economy has been emerging as a clean, efficient, zero-carbon alternative to current energy structures [8].
Hydrogen is not easily available in nature like fossil fuels. Though it might be obtained from any main energy source, it can be then employed as a straight fuel to the internal combustion engine in a fuel cell. The by-product of hydrogen is the water by-product [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The crucial trouble challenged by the modern world is the shortage of fossil. Therefore, it is indispensable to work out an alternative fuel that can substitute non-renewable fossil fuels. Hydrogen gas is one of the extremely versatile, efficient and sustainable clean energy carriers that may be used to substitute the fossil fuels due to its high energy yield when compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels [13, 14]. The energy storage capacity of hydrogen is superb because a unit weight of it can generate nearly 33 kWh of energy [15]. Substituting hydrogen for fossil fuels in ultimate energy uses could bring this key environmental welfare [16] into accordance with the technical, green and cost challenges, and it is easy to overcome the difficulties in, for instance, production, storage and transport of hydrogen [17, 18, 19]. Hydrogen can be considered to be a secondary energy source since it can be converted to energy in the form of heat or electricity through either combustion or electrochemical reactions. The chief problem in using hydrogen fuel roots from its absence in nature and the requirement of cheap production systems [20, 21]. Extensive processes exist for H2 production which depends on the kind of the raw materials considered. The processes could be separated into two main classes viz., traditional and technology that can be renewed. Class one process is the fossil fuels and comprises the techniques of pyrolysis and hydrocarbon reforming. In the latter process, hydrocarbon reforming process, involve the chemical methods of reforming: steam, dry, partial oxidation, autothermal steam and hydrocarbon decomposition.
The former class includes the techniques that bring hydrogen from biomass and water. The primary feeds of biomass are partitioned into two biological and thermochemical processes. The technology that concerns the thermochemical: primarily comprises combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction, while the biological processes are associated with photo-fermentation, bio-photolysis, dark fermentation, and sequential dark.