Question

Chemical tankers carry​

Answer 1

$</p><p>{\mathtt{\huge{\red{\underline{Answer:-}}}}}$

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

$\huge\</strong><strong>g</strong><strong>r</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>n</strong><strong>{</strong><strong>C</strong><strong>h</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>m</strong><strong>i</strong><strong>c</strong><strong>a</strong><strong>l</strong><strong>\</strong><strong>:</strong><strong>T</strong><strong>a</strong><strong>n</strong><strong>k</strong><strong>e</strong><strong>r</strong><strong>s</strong><strong>}$

Chemical tankers are those cargo tankers which transport chemicals in various forms. Chemical tankers are specifically designed in order to maintain the consistency of the chemicals they carry aboard them.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

$\huge\orange{★}\pink{ItzRisiηgStɑr}\orange{★}$

Answer 2

Answer:

Most tankers carry either crude oil from oil fields to refineries or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or petrochemical feedstock from refineries to distribution centres.

The IBC Code defines three types of chemical tankers: ST1, ST2, and ST3. - ST1 is a chemical tanker intended to transport most dangerous products, which require maximum preventive measures to preclude an escape of such cargo.

Chemical tankers are cargo ships constructed or adapted and used for the carriage of any liquid chemicals in bulk. Chemical tankers are required to comply with the various safety aspects detailed in Part B of SOLAS Chapter VIII, but are additionally required to comply with the mandatory International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code).

Chemical cargoes can be very dangerous, most of them being flammable and/or toxic, some of them extremely so. The IBC Code defines three types of chemical tankers: ST1, ST2, and ST3.

- ST1 is a chemical tanker intended to transport most dangerous products, which require maximum preventive measures to preclude an escape of such cargo. Accordingly, a type 1 ship should survive the most severe standard of damage stability and its cargo tanks should be located at the maximum prescribed distance onboard from the shell plating.

- ST2 is a chemical tanker intended to transport products requiring significant preventive measures.

- ST3 is a chemical tanker intended to transport products requiring moderate degree of containment to increase survival capability in a damaged condition.

The basic requirements, which must be satisfied prior to the carriage of any cargo listed in the IBC Code, relate to the general arrangement of the ship. As with oil tankers, the accommodation and engine room are required to be situated aft of the cargo tanks. A cofferdam is required at the forward and aft ends of the cargo spaces to further segregate the engine room. Cargoes which, if released into the sea following an accident, would pose a significant hazard to the environment are required to be carried in tanks with no boundary adjacent to the sea – that is, tanks protected by a double skin of hull plating (a longitudinal bulkhead and inner bottom, in addition to the shell plating). Cargoes posing a minimal threat can be carried adjacent to the ship shell plating – that is, either in the centre or wing tanks. The ship must be able to withstand predefined deterministic damages to the hull structure without catastrophic loss of stability, buoyancy or cargo. This ‘damage stability’ requirement is once again more onerous for those cargoes posing greater hazards.

The major hazards associated with the safe transportation of liquid chemical cargoes in bulk relate to cargo compatibility, toxicity and flammability. The problem of compatibility of each cargo with the materials used in the construction of the ship and its equipment is significant and the list of cargoes in the IBC Code highlights those cargoes which will react with specific materials.

Cargoes, which react in a hazardous manner with one another, are not permitted to be carried in adjacent cargo tanks or to use common ventilation or pumping and piping systems. Cargoes, which are water-reactive, are not permitted to be stowed adjacent to the ship hull or to ballast tanks containing seawater. Heat-sensitive cargoes, which may polymerize, decompose, become unstable or evolve gas, must not be loaded in tanks adjacent to cargoes, which require to be heated to maintain pumpability. Tanks containing heat-sensitive cargoes are required to be fitted with an alarm system, which continuously monitors the cargo temperature.

The risk of cargo spillage during loading, transfer or discharge operations is high. The crew is required to be provided with chemical resistant overalls, boots and gloves. Showers and eyewashers are required to be available on deck so that in the event of an accident involving the crew, water is immediately available.

Antidotes for all cargoes carried must be available on board in accordance with the Medical First Aid Guide produced by the IMO. Many cargoes listed in the Code are toxic and the crew and shore-based personnel involved in cargo operations must be protected from toxic vapors. When carrying toxic cargoes, chemical tankers are required to have additional chemical-resistant suits and self-contained breathing apparatus suitable for use in a toxic environment. All toxic vapours displaced from a cargo tank during loading must be vented directly to shore reception facilities through a vapour return line.