chemistry chapter 3 notes class 9
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Atoms
An atom is the defining structure of an element, which cannot be broken by any chemical means.
The atomic symbol has three parts:-
The symbol X: the usual element symbol
The atomic number A: equal to the number of protons
The mass number Z: equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an element.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The matter is made up of indivisible particles known as atoms.
The properties of all the atoms of a given element are the same, including mass. This can also be stated as all the atoms of an element have identical mass and chemical properties; atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to form compounds.
Atoms are neither created nor destroyed. The formation of new products (compounds) results from the rearrangement of existing atoms (reactants) in a chemical reaction.
The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
To know more about Laws of Chemical Combination, visit here.
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass and atomic mass unit
Atomic mass is the total of the masses of the electrons, neutrons, and protons in an atom, or in a group of atoms, the average mass.
Mass of an atomic particle is called the atomic mass.
This is commonly expressed as per the international agreement in terms of a unified atomic mass unit (AMU).
It can be best defined as 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state.
Molecular mass
Molecular mass of an element is defined as the sum of the masses of the elements present in the molecule.
Molecular mass is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of an element with the number of atoms in the molecule and then adding the masses of all the elements in the molecule.
Mole Concept
Mole concept & Avogadro Number
In a substance, the amount of entities present for e.g. atoms, molecules, ions, is defined as a mole. A mole of any substance is 6.022×1023 molecules.
Mole concept is one of the most convenient ways of expressing the amount of reactants and product in the reaction.
The value of Avogadro’s number is approximately 6.022×1023. The definition of Avogadro’s number is that it tells us the number of particles in 1 mole (or mol) of a substance. These particles could be electrons or molecules or atoms.
Molar Mass
Molar mass
A substance is something which has mass and occupies space. The molar mass/molecular weight is actually the sum of the total mass in grams of the atoms present to make up a molecule per mole. The unit of molar mass is grams/mole.
Atomic Valency
Molecules and Atomicity
A molecule is defined as the smallest unit of a compound that contains the chemical properties of the compound.
The atomicity of an element is the number of atoms in one molecule of the element.
Structure of atom
Atom is made of three particles; electron, proton and neutron.
The centre of the atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus of an atom contains the whole mass of an atom.
Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells/orbitals.
Atomic structure of carbon
Valency
Valence electrons are those electrons which are present in the outermost orbit of the atom.
The capacity of an atom to lose, gain or share valence electrons in order to complete its octet determines the valency of the atom.
Writing Chemical Formulae
Compounds
When two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio by mass, the obtained product is known as a compound.
Compounds are substances consisting of two or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio of its atoms.
Ions
An ion is defined as an atom or molecule which has gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons, giving it a net positive or negative charge.
A negatively charged particle is called an anion, and a positively charged particle is called a cation.
Ionic compounds: chemical formula
Ionic compounds are chemical compounds in which ions are held together by specialised bonds called ionic bonds.
An Ionic compound always contains an equal amount of positive and negative charge.
For example: In Calcium chloride, the ionic bond is formed by oppositely charged calcium and chloride ions.
Calcium atom loses 2 electrons and attains the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas (Ar). By doing so, it gains a net charge of +2.Ionic-Compounds-Chemical-Formula_1
The two Chlorine atoms take one electron each, thus gaining a charge of -1 (each) and attain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas (Ar).