Chemistry project on analysis of fertilizers
Answers
Answer:
am grateful to Almighty for giving me the strength to successfully conduct my experiment and for sustaining my efforts which many a times did oscillate.
I am deeply indebted to Mr. O.J. Abraham sir, our physics faculty without whose constructive guidance this project/venture would not have been a success. His valuable advice and suggestions for the corrections, modifications and improvement did enhance the perfection in performing my job well.
I am obliged to Sr. Kiran our principal for providing the best of facilities and environment to bring out our innovation and spirit of inquiry through this venture.
I take special pleasure in acknowledging Mam Nirmala for her willingness in providing us with necessary lab equipments and constant support without which this effort would have been worthless.
I am grateful to My Parents and My Brother whose blessings and wishes have gone a long way in the completion of this arduous task.
Last but not the least I thank all My Friends and Batch Mates, without their prompt support my efforts would have been in vain.
SAUMYA GUPTA CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS SAUMYA GUPTA OF CLASS XII-SC HAS SCCESSFULLY CARRIED OUT THE PROJCT ENTITLED “ANALYSIS ON FERTILIZERS” UNDER MY SUPERVISION.
ALL THE WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS WAS DONE BY THE CANDIDATE HERSELF.
THE APPROACH TOWARDS THE SUBJECT HAS BEEN SINCERE AND SCIENTIFIC.
MRS.BEENA DASHORA
CHEMISTRY FACULTY
ST.MARY’S CONVENT SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Definition
(b) Laws of refraction
(c) Refractive index
(d) Snell’s law
(e) Mathematical relations
(f) Phenomenon
(g) Total internal reflection
2. EXPERIMENT:
(a) Aim
(b) Apparatus
(c) Procedure
(d) Results
(e) Precautions
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
(a) Definition: When light travels from one medium to another it changes the direction of its path at the interface of the two media.
It is bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.
(b) Laws of refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of the sine of angle of refraction is constant.
Bending Light:
When a stick is submerged into water, the stick appears bent at the point it enters into water. This optical effect is due to refraction. As light passes from one transparent medium to another, it changes speed and it bends. How much this happens depends on the refractive index and the angle between the light ray and the line perpendicular i.e. normal to the surface separating the two mediums.
INDEX OF REFRACTION OR REFRACTIVE INDEX:
It is defined as the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium.
It is represented by “µ” or “n”
µ = C/V
C – Speed of light in vacuum
V – Speed of light in medium
It is also the degree or extent of deviation from its original path.
A ray of light travels along straight line in a homogenous medium meaning density same throughout. When it travels from one medium to another medium of different densities the light deviates from its original path. The amount of deviation of light from its original path depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell’s law.
Diagram showing Refraction. DEFINITIONS:
1. Angle of incidence – The angle that the incident ray makes with the normal is known as angle of incidence (“i").
Ð i = Ð AOB
AO – Incident ray
OB – Normal
2. Angle of refraction – The angle that the refracted ray makes with the normal is known as angle of refraction.
Ð r = Ð COQ
OQ – Refracted ray,
OC – Normal
3. Angle of emergence – The angle that the emergent ray makes with the normal is known as reemergence.
Ð e = Ð SQR
SQ – Emergent ray
RS – Normal
Common Refractive Index:
The values given