chlorobenzene on reaction with fuming sulphuric acid gives ortho and para chlorosulphonic acids why?
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Chlorine is an o/p-directing group.
Actually, the chlorine is electronegative species but it has lone pair of electrons which has tendency to be added in resonance structure of benzene ring and, so these lone pair electrons arises the partial -ve charge on ortho and para position so that the electron density is minimum at meta position.
Now, we know that when sulphuric acid is added to this compound the mechanism follows electrophile (SO3)attacks and since it it will approach to the position with more electron density and thus it attacks on -ve , ortho /para positions and so the result obtained is ortho and para chloro sulphonic acid.
Actually, the chlorine is electronegative species but it has lone pair of electrons which has tendency to be added in resonance structure of benzene ring and, so these lone pair electrons arises the partial -ve charge on ortho and para position so that the electron density is minimum at meta position.
Now, we know that when sulphuric acid is added to this compound the mechanism follows electrophile (SO3)attacks and since it it will approach to the position with more electron density and thus it attacks on -ve , ortho /para positions and so the result obtained is ortho and para chloro sulphonic acid.
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