Question

Chlorophyll A molecule is ‘damaged’ in bright intensity of light. How are Chlorophyll a molecule protected against this ‘damage’ in nature?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Chlorophylls (Chls) are the most abundant plant pigments on Earth. Chls are located in the membrane of thylakoids where they constitute the two photosystems (PSII and PSI) of terrestrial plants, responsible for both light absorption and transduction of chemical energy via photosynthesis. The high efficiency of photosystems in terms of light absorption correlates with the need to protect themselves against absorption of excess light, a process that leads to the so-called photoinhibition. Dynamic photoinhibition consists of the downregulation of photosynthesis quantum yield and a series of photo-protective mechanisms aimed to reduce the amount of light reaching the chloroplast and/or to counteract the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be grouped in: (i) the first line of chloroplast defence: non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), that is, the dissipation of excess excitation light as heat, a process that takes place in the external antennae of PSII and in which other pigments, that is carotenoids, are directly involved; (ii) the second line of defence: enzymatic antioxidant and antioxidant molecules that scavenge the generated ROS; alternative electron transport (cyclic electron transport, pseudo-cyclic electron flow, chlororespiration and water-water cycle) can efficiently prevent the over-reduction of electron flow, and reduced ferredoxin (Fd) plays a key role in this context.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Chlorophylls (Chls) are the maximum ample plant pigments on Earth. Chls are positioned withinside the membrane of thylakoids in which they represent the 2 photosystems (PSII and PSI) of terrestrial plants, liable for each mild absorption and transduction of chemical electricity through photosynthesis. The excessive performance of photosystems in phrases of mild absorption correlates with the want to defend themselves towards absorption of extra mild, a technique that results in the so-referred to as photoinhibition. Dynamic photoinhibition includes the downregulation of photosynthesis quantum yield and a sequence of photo-protecting mechanisms aimed to lessen the quantity of mild attaining the chloroplast and/or to counteract the manufacturing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may be grouped in: (i) the primary line of chloroplast defence: non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), this is, the dissipation of extra excitation mild as heat, a technique that takes region withinside the outside antennae of PSII and wherein different pigments, this is carotenoids, are immediately involved; (ii) the second one line of defence: enzymatic antioxidant and antioxidant molecules that scavenge the generated ROS; opportunity electron transport (cyclic electron transport, pseudo-cyclic electron flow, chlororespiration and water-water cycle) can successfully save you the over-discount of electron flow, and decreased ferredoxin (Fd) performs a key function on this context.

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