Cite examples of expansion and contraction in liquids and gases used in industries.
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Expansion and Contraction
When the movement of particles speeds up, there is an increase in the space between them.
An increase in the space between particles means that the substance expands.
In other words, there is an increase in the volume (space) it occupies.
When the movement of particles slows down, there is a decrease in the space between them.
A decrease in the space between particles means that the substance contracts.
In other words, there is a decrease in the volume (space) it occupies.
This general relationship between particle movement and volume is the same for solids, liquids and gases.
However, the extent to which a substances expands or contracts varies between the different states of matter.

Heating air causes it to expand, which inflates this hot air balloon.
(Image: ddouk, Pixabay)
Expansion and Contraction in Solids
When solids are heated, their particles vibrate more rapidly, pushing each other apart slightly, causing the solid to expand.
The amount of increase in volume depends on the type of solid.
For example, increasing the temperature of a 1 metre section of glass by 100 °C will cause it to expand by 9 mm; concrete and steel will expand by 11 mm and aluminium will expand by 25 mm.
Similarly, decreases in temperature cause solids to contract by varying degrees.
Even though the amount of expansion and contraction in solids may seem quite small, it can have serious implications in certain situations, such as the construction industry.
For example, power lines need to be hung from poles at the correct tension (tightness). If the tension is too tight, the power lines will contract and break in cold weather; if the tension is too loose, they will expand and hang too close the ground in hot weather.
When the movement of particles speeds up, there is an increase in the space between them.
An increase in the space between particles means that the substance expands.
In other words, there is an increase in the volume (space) it occupies.
When the movement of particles slows down, there is a decrease in the space between them.
A decrease in the space between particles means that the substance contracts.
In other words, there is a decrease in the volume (space) it occupies.
This general relationship between particle movement and volume is the same for solids, liquids and gases.
However, the extent to which a substances expands or contracts varies between the different states of matter.

Heating air causes it to expand, which inflates this hot air balloon.
(Image: ddouk, Pixabay)
Expansion and Contraction in Solids
When solids are heated, their particles vibrate more rapidly, pushing each other apart slightly, causing the solid to expand.
The amount of increase in volume depends on the type of solid.
For example, increasing the temperature of a 1 metre section of glass by 100 °C will cause it to expand by 9 mm; concrete and steel will expand by 11 mm and aluminium will expand by 25 mm.
Similarly, decreases in temperature cause solids to contract by varying degrees.
Even though the amount of expansion and contraction in solids may seem quite small, it can have serious implications in certain situations, such as the construction industry.
For example, power lines need to be hung from poles at the correct tension (tightness). If the tension is too tight, the power lines will contract and break in cold weather; if the tension is too loose, they will expand and hang too close the ground in hot weather.
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