City planind in assyrin Mesopotamia?
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Answer:
IRAQ is a highly respected, refereed academic journal devoted to studies of the history, art, archaeology, religion, economic and social life of Iraq, and to a lesser degree of neighbouring countries where they relate to it, from the earliest times down to about AD 1750. It also publishes texts concerning these subjects, with translations and comments. IRAQ was launched in 1932 by the newly founded British School of Archaeology in Iraq (Gertrude Bell Memorial), since 2007 known as the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, by whom copyright is held. It has been the main vehicle for preliminary reports on fieldwork in Iraq, but has also published articles on a wide variety of subjects, some final excavation reports, Festschrifts and conference proceedings. It was bi-annual until 1984, but is now published annually in the late autumn. Volume 70 will appear in 2008.
Publisher Information
The British Institute for the Study of Iraq was established as the British School of Archaeology in Iraq on January 14, 1932 in memory of Gertrude Bell, the pioneer archaeologist responsible for setting up the Iraq antiquities service and museum. The School sponsored important fieldwork and surveys in Iraq and Syria, and had a resident director in Baghdad when sanctions in the 1990s forced it to move its fieldwork to Bahrain, Kuwait and Syria. It was renamed on December 12, 2007 the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, thus reflecting its widening remit, namely to advance research and public education relating to Iraq and neighboring countries in anthropology, archaeology, geography, history, philology and related disciplines within the arts, humanities and social sciences. It is currently providing grants for Iraqi scholars and books and other equipment to The Iraq Museum and other institutions to participate in the rebuilding of Iraq's heritage.
Explanation:
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The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built in the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty.
The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based on available archaeological evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictographs of the Uruk period era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. ... Demons were feared who had wings like a bird, and the foundation stones – or rather bricks – of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."[1]
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Scholarly literature usually concentrates on the architecture of temples, palaces, city walls and gates, and other monumental buildings, but occasionally one finds works on residential architecture as well.[2] Archaeological surface surveys also allowed for the study of urban form in early Mesopotamian cities.