Question

Clarify the difference between the concept of human
growth and development based on observations of daily
life? Explain the role of family school and society in
human development with suitable examples.​

Answer 1

Explanation:

When people use the term development, they often mean the transformation from infant

to adult. However, development does not end with adulthood. We continue to change in

predictable ways throughout our lifetime, even into old age. Developmental scientists

study human development. They seek to understand lifetime patterns of change.

Table 1.1 illustrates the many phases of life that we progress through from conception

to death. Each phase of life may have a different label and set of developmental tasks, but

all have value. The changes that we undergo during infancy influence how we experience

later changes, such as those during adolescence and beyond. This is true for all ages in life.

Each phase of life is important and accompanied by its own demands and opportunities.

Change is the most obvious indicator of development. The muscle strength and coor-

dination needed to play sports increases over childhood and adolescence, peaks in early

adulthood, and begins to decline thereafter, declining more rapidly from middle to late

adulthood. Similarly, children’s capacity to learn and perform cognitive tasks increases

as they progress from infancy through adolescence, and adults typically experience a

decline in the speed of cognitive processing. However, there also are ways in which we

change little over our lifetimes. Some personality traits, for example, are highly stable

TABLE 1.1 • Ages in Human Development

LIFE STAGE

APPROXIMATE

AGE RANGE DESCRIPTION

Prenatal Conception

to birth

Shortly after conception, a single-celled organism grows and multiplies. This is the most

rapid period of physical development in the lifespan as basic body structures and organs

form and grow. The fetus hears, responds to sensory stimuli (such as the sound of its

mother’s voice), learns, remembers, and begins the process of adjusting to life after birth.

Infancy and

toddlerhood

Birth to 2 years The newborn is equipped with senses that help it to learn about the world.

Environmental influences stimulate the brain to grow more complex, and the child

interacts with her environment, shaping it. Physical growth occurs as well as the

development of motor, perceptual, and intellectual skills. Children show advances in

language comprehension and use, problem solving, self-awareness, and emotional

control. They become more independent and interested in interacting with other

children and form bonds with parents and others.

Early

childhood

2 to 6 years Children grow steadily over these years of play prior to beginning elementary

school. Children’s muscles strengthen, and they become better at controlling and

coordinating their bodies. Children’s bodies become more slender and adultlike in

proportions. Memory, language, and imagination improve. Children become more

independent and better able to regulate their emotions as well as develop a sense

of right and wrong. Children become more aware of their own characteristics and

feelings. Family remains children’s primary social tie, but other children become

more important and new ties to peers are established.

Middle

childhood

6 to 11 years Growth slows, and health tends to be better in middle childhood than at any other time

during the lifespan. Strength and athletic ability increase dramatically. Children show

improvements in their ability to reason, remember, read, and use arithmetic. As children

advance cognitively and gain social experience, they understand themselves and think

about moral issues in more complex ways as compared with younger children. As

friendships develop, peers and group memberships become more important

Adolescence 11 to 18 years Adolescents’ bodies grow rapidly. They become physically and sexually mature. Though

some immature thinking persists, adolescents can reason in sophisticated and adultlike

ways. Adolescents are driven to learn about themselves and begin the process of

discovering who they are, apart from their parents. Most adolescents retain good

relationships with parents, but peer groups increase in importance. Adolescents and

their peers influence each other reciprocally. It is through adolescents’ interactions with

family and peers that they begin to establish a sense of who they are.

Early

adulthood

18 to 40 years In early adulthood, physical condition peaks and then shows slight declines with

time. Lifestyle choices, such as smoking, diet, and physical activity, play a large

role in influencing health. As they enter early adulthood, young adults experience

lifespan human development

An approach to studying human

development that examines ways

in which individuals grow, change,

and stay the same throughout their

lives, from conception to death.

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Answer 2

Most people use the terms "growth‟ and "development‟ interchangeably and accept them as synonymous. But in reality, the meanings of these two terms are different.

Explanation:

• Growth refers to physical increase over time in some quantity. It includes variations in height, body proportions, weight & physical appearance. Growth is defined as a transition in size and changes/disappearance of old features and acquiring new features ."
• Development involves structural changes in the human body. Development is an evolving process of physical, intellectual, & emotional changes. It's a broader and wider word than growth. Without growth, it is also possible.

Differences between growth and development

• Growth means physiological changes. Development means overall changes in the individual. It involves "changes" in an coherent & orderly type towards the "goal of maturity".
• Quantitative changes are referred to as growth. The changes in the qualitative and the quantitative aspect is known as development.
• Growth does not continue all thru life, whereas development continues all throughout life.
• Growth stops after maturation, while development is progressive.
• Growth takes place because of the "multiplication of cells". Development takes place because of "maturation & interaction" with the environment.
• Growth is cellular, while development is organisational.
• Growth is a part of the "developmental process", whereas development is a "wider & comprehensive" term.
• Growth can be referred to as changes to specific aspects of the human's body and behaviour. Development explains the changes in the whole human body
• The growth-generated improvements are measured. By fact they can be measured and studied. Development brings in behavioral shifts that are impossible to explicitly quantify. They are evaluated through keen observation of behaviour in varying situations.
• Growth may/may not bring development, whereas development is possible without growth.

The role of family, school and society in human development

Family

A child's learning & socialisation are most influenced by their family since the family is the "child's" "primary social group".  Eventually, the family is responsible for shaping a child and developing their values, skills (learning motor skills, language skills, cognitive skills, and emotional skills), socialisation (child will learn how to trust, seek friendships from others, & find comfort with others as well), and security (child gets primary sense of security from family. They depend on the family to ensure their basic needs like food, shelter, & clothing are met)

Society

• By living outside society, one can never grow one 's personality, language, community and "inner depth." Society not only fulfills its physical needs and establishes its moral structure but also defines the manner in which human brains evolve.
• Human mind and self development can only be done in society. Society shapes our views, values , principles, ideals and influences our personalities. The identity of human beings grows during their life and through the process of socialisation, he becomes fully fledged. Man acquires a self/personality by living in a society only.
• Human mind and self development is only possible in society. The probability of a child establishing healthy social relationships is improved by living in a "good social environment". The ability to develop good relations with others and their social actions is generally thought to be qualities that would inevitably develop

School

• School provides organized education and promotes the psychological and mental growth of a child. In addition to studying, a child can also develop other "essential skills" in life, including teamwork, unity, good manners,  responsibility, & sharing.
• They can be modeled in to a  better, responsible and hard-working individual by letting them learn during their young lives in a school. The role of school in child development starts from pre-school to childhood.
• Pre-school curriculum may provide a clear and solid foundation for training and education. Early childhood education is the gateway to the creation of the right environment for the intellectual progress of a child..
• Children can learn behaviours and attitudes they can maintain in later life and children can have the best resources to help their progress in future if teachers and parents will establish positive learning skills & social interaction abilities early.
• Usually, classrooms are separated into various fields of instruction, each fitted with educational resources suitable to the child's age. Of example, in pre-school , children may learn to do tasks such as counting and reciting pre-school alphabets, which are structures with more complicated activities such as multiplication or reading.

To know more

Which stage of human development signifies fastest growth ...

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