class 10
Explain all the Laws Of Inheritance
(Biology)
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Laws of Inheritance
Mendel proposed three laws:
Law of Dominance
The Law of Segregation
Law of independent assortment
Law of Dominance

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This law states that in a heterozygous condition, the allele whose characters are expressed over the other allele is called the dominant allele and the characters of this dominant allele are called dominant characters. The characters that appear in the F1 generation are called as dominant characters. The recessive characters appear in the F2 generation.
Law of Segregation

Image source: wikipedia
This law states that when two traits come together in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix with each other and are independent of each other. Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis of the chromosome.
Mendel’s law of segregations supports the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 i.e the homozygous dominant and heterozygous offsprings show dominant traits while the homozygous recessive shows the recessive trait.
Law of Independent Assortment

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This means that at the time of gamete formation, the two genes segregate independently of each other as well as of other traits. Law of independent assortment emphasizes that there are separate genes for separate traits and characters and they influence and sort themselves independently of the other genes.
This law also says that at the time of gamete and zygote formation, the genes are independently passed on from the parents to the offspring.
Solved Example for You
Q1: What is the genotype of an individual?
Physical appearance
Genetic makeup
Nature of the individual
Blended characteristics of the individual
Sol. The correct answer is the option ”b”. The genetic makeup of the individual is known as the genotype whereas the physical appearance of the individual is known as the phenotype.
Mendel proposed three laws:
Law of Dominance
The Law of Segregation
Law of independent assortment
Law of Dominance

Image Source: gladewaterbiology
This law states that in a heterozygous condition, the allele whose characters are expressed over the other allele is called the dominant allele and the characters of this dominant allele are called dominant characters. The characters that appear in the F1 generation are called as dominant characters. The recessive characters appear in the F2 generation.
Law of Segregation

Image source: wikipedia
This law states that when two traits come together in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix with each other and are independent of each other. Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis of the chromosome.
Mendel’s law of segregations supports the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 i.e the homozygous dominant and heterozygous offsprings show dominant traits while the homozygous recessive shows the recessive trait.
Law of Independent Assortment

Image Source: biology-forums
This means that at the time of gamete formation, the two genes segregate independently of each other as well as of other traits. Law of independent assortment emphasizes that there are separate genes for separate traits and characters and they influence and sort themselves independently of the other genes.
This law also says that at the time of gamete and zygote formation, the genes are independently passed on from the parents to the offspring.
Solved Example for You
Q1: What is the genotype of an individual?
Physical appearance
Genetic makeup
Nature of the individual
Blended characteristics of the individual
Sol. The correct answer is the option ”b”. The genetic makeup of the individual is known as the genotype whereas the physical appearance of the individual is known as the phenotype.
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Answer:
The laws of inheritence are:
> Law of dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to express itself, while the other remains suppressed.
> Law of Segregation (also known as the law of purity of gametes): The two members of a pair of factors seperate during the formation of gametes.
> Law of independent assortment : When there are two pairs of characters, the distribution of alleles of one character is independent of the distribution of alleles of the other character.
Explanation:
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