class-10 history ch-1 full notes
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The first chapter is named "The rise of nationalism in Europe" describes about French Revolution (1789) and ideas by La patrie and others. It describes actions made by Napoleon and refers about the civil code of 1804 that secured right to property and abolished feudal system. There was an improvement in transport and communication as well.
Eventually, this gave rise to the aristocratic class and the middle class, and the concept of liberal nationalism came up. This marked an end to higher classes and their privileges that they used to enjoy earlier. Tariff bar tiers were checked and there was a promotion of railway transport system. Finally it led to the new conservatism after the year 1815.
It is in this year that the treaty of Vienna was also signed. There were revolutionaries like Mazinni, who believed in unifying Italy with Europe. After a series of multiple revolts, the origin of Italy and Germany came into being. There was a spirit of nationalism among everybody and this gave rise to the formation of the Balkan region. After a number of upheavals, one could evident the first world war.
Answer:
Ch 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10th Notes History Social Science
During the nineteenth century, the idea of nationalism made changes in Political and mental world of Europe.
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
French Revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism.
• Steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people:
→ Ideas of La patrie and Le citoyen
→ New French Flag
→ Estates General was elected and renamed National Assembly
→ New hymns composed and oaths taken
→ Centralized administration system
→ Internal customs duties and dues were abolished
→ Uniform system of weights and measures were introduced
→ French became the common language
Napolean
• Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.
• Gained absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.
Civil Code of 1804 / Napoleonic Code
• Equality before the law was established
• Secured the right to property
• Simplified administrative measures
• Abolished feudal system
• Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
• Guild restrictions were removed
• Transport and communication systems were improved.
Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
No Nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.
• People residing in different areas spoke different languages.
→ Example: Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety of dialects and in Galicia people spoke Polish.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
• Aristocracy
→ The land owning class.
→ Spoke French connected by ties of marriages.
→ Numerically a small group.
• Peasantry
→ Majority of population
• Middle class
→ New Social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial classes.
→ Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity.
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
• Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all before the law
→ The end of autocracy and clerical privileges
→ A constitution and representative government through parliament.
• In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
• Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number of currencies to two, and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.
A New Conservatism after 1815
• Believed that established institutions of state and society should be preserved, with the changes initiated by Napoleon.
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
• Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France
• A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future.
• German confederation was left untouched.
• Main intentions was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.
The Revolutionaries
Acommitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini
• Born in Genoa in 1807
• A member of the secret society of Carbonari
• Founded Young Italy in Marseellies, Young Europe in Berne.
• Believed in the unification of Italy into a republic.
The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
• In July 1830, Bourbon kings of France were overthrown and a constitutional monarchy was established.
• Belgium broke away from the United kingdoms of the Netherlands.
• Greece which had been a part of the Ottomon Empire since the fifteenth century, struggled for independence.
→ Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment, criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder tried to discovered culture among common people, through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
• In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
• In 1848, the Population of Paris came out on the roads and Louis Philippe was forced to flee and National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
• In 1845, weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
• The revolution was led by educated middle classes who combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.