Class 10 Social Science
Ch-5 India's Heritage of Science and Technology
1. ''Contemporary Global affairs are Carried Out Through Mathematics.'' -- Write About Such Ancient Scripture. ----------- ( 4 marks ) Give Answer in long point and meaningfull
Answers
Answer:
This article is about the field of study. For other uses, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation).
Greek mathematician Euclid (holding calipers), 3rd century BC, as imagined by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens (1509–1511)[a]
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Mathematics
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Mathematics (from Greek: μάθημα, máthēma, 'knowledge, study, learning') includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory),[1] structure (algebra),[2] space (geometry),[1] and change (mathematical analysis).[3][4][5] It has no generally accepted definition.[6][7]
Mathematicians seek and use patterns[8][9] to formulate new conjectures; they resolve the truth or falsity of such by mathematical proof. When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, mathematical reasoning can be used to provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry.
Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements.[10] Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), David Hilbert (1862–1943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.[11]
Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance, and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians engage in pure mathematics (mathematics for its own sake) without having any application in mind, but practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered later.[12][13]
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Mathematics : A number of epoch-making discoveries in the field of mathematics were made in ancient India.
__The gifts of India to the world are discoveries of zero, decimal system, algebra, theorem of Boddhayan, geometry, airthmetic and Vedic mathematics.
__Aryabhatta discovered 'zero' (0) and decimal system. In his book 'Aryabhattiyam', Aryabhatta has mentioned that the value of π (pie) is 22/7 (3.14). He also propounded that π(pie) is constant to show the ratio of circumference and diameter of circle.
__The 'Ashtang' methods of divisions, multiplication, addition, subtraction, square - root, cube - root, etc. were introduced by Aryabhatta in his work. Hence Aryabhatta is known as the 'Father of Mathematics'.
__The method of writing Zero after numbers was discovered by the sage named 'Grutsamad'.
__The ancient Indian mathematics have determined the names of all those that are made by placing upto 53 zeroes after 2 (one).
__The remains of 'Harappa' and 'Mohan-jo-Daro' show that they used decimal system in their instruments which were measuring and weighing.
It had been introduced by 'Medhatithi' during ancient time.
__Bhaskaracharya had written books named ' Lilavati Ganit' and ' Bij Ganit ' in 1150 A.D. He had written books on Algebra, Airthmetic and Astronomy. He discovered signs of addition (+) and substractions (-).
__Brahmagupta introduced the types of equations .
Mathematics Aapstambha had decided the measurement of sacrificial pits (yagnavedies) which were used for Vedic yagnas in his book named ' Shulva Sutras' (800 B.C.).
__Various aspects of mathematics had been discussed by Boddhayan and Katyayan.