Question

Class - 12

Each question carries 3 marks :

Q] Write the properties hormones.

Q] Define and Explain the term Biopatent.

Q] Distinguish b/w Blastula and Gastrula

Q] Write about Heterochromatin and Euchromatin.​

Answer 1

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Q1.] Write the properties hormones.

Ans.) Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. These are a part of Endocrine system and it sends messages to various parts of the body. There are so many hormones that acts differently.

• Insulin - This hormone is produced by the islets of langerhans of pancreas. If insukin lacks in our body, it causes diabetes. It also regulates the glucose amount in our blood. It is an anabolic hormone.

• Estrogen - This is a femle sex hormone that contributes to bone health, cardiovascular system etc. It is responsible for mensuration, menopause and reproduction. Excess of estrogen in female body leads to breasts cancer, uterine cancer, depression etc.

• Progesterone - This hormone is a femle hormone which helps in menstrual cycle and also in pregnancy. If there is pregnancy, progesterone level goes up and if there is no pregnancy, it will automatically come down. it also prepares a limit in the uterers so that the fertilized egg can be accepted. They travels in the blood and then to tissues ehich then accepted by progesterone receptors.

• Testosterone - It is a male sex hormone. It plays a key role in the making and the development of reproductive organs of male. It helps in hair growth, Increase in muscle and bone mass, and development of testes and prostate. It also helps in the production of sperms.

• Adrenaline - this hormone is secreted by medulla which is the inner part of adrenal gland. It is a type of "fight or flight" hormone. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, as wekl as glucose kevel too. It is also known as an emergency hormone because during a stressful situation, adrenaline quickly releases in to the blood send impulse to the organs to create a specific response.

Q2.] Define and Explain the term Biopatent.

Ans.)

• Biopatent are awarded to recognize real innovative contributions made by the inventor to the cause of human welfare.

• They are the biological patent awarded for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, DNA sequences, and product applications.

• The duration of biopatents is five years from the date of the grant or seven years from the date of filling the patent application, whichever is less.

Q3.] Distinguish b/w Blastula and Gastrula

Ans.)

• Blastula comprises of a Zona pellucida but Gastrula lacks a Zona pellucida.

• Blastula contains undifferentiated cells but Gastrula contains differented cells.

• Blastula contains 128 cells and Gastrula contains more cells than Blastula.

• Blastula is a single layered and a hollow structure but Gastrula is a three layered and a hollow structure.

• Blastula results from rapid mitotic cell division bit Gastrula results from slow mitotic cell division.

• Blastula is an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells but Gastrula is an embryo at the stage following the Blastula, when it is a hollow cup shaped structure having three layers of cells.

Q4.] Write about Heterochromatin and Euchromatin.

Ans.)

Euchromatin:-

It is a lightly packed form of chromatin(DNA, RNA, and Protein) that is enriched in genes and is often under active transcription. Euchromatin is less condensed and the stains are lighter. Their gene is rich i.e., higher in GC content. Euchromatin particites in the active transcription of DNA and mRNA products. They express their genes.

Heterochromatin:-

Heterochromatin is a form of tightly packed DNA. It is more condensed than euchromatin. Their stains are darker and their gene is poor because they have high AT content. Their genes are not expressing they are silenced.Their DNA is not very active. Heterochromatin has been associated with several functions, from gene regulation to the protection of chromosome integrity.

Answer 2

1) Properties of hormones

Hormones are substance which released by the different type of gland into the blood to organ which interact with the membrane bound receptors. the properties of hormones are

• Act as chemical messager which is effective in very low concentration.and it generate the second messenger like AMP, IP3 , Ca2+ etc which regulate the cellular metabolism.
• Act as regulator which inhibit or
• stimulate or modify specific processess. and also generate gene expression of chromosome and function by the interaction of hormone receptor complex with genome.
• Some
• hormones interact with receptors present on plasma membrane of target cells whereas some hormones interact with gene present in necluses.
• Hypersecretion ( over secretion of hormones ) or Hyposecretion ( low secretion of hormonses)
• leads to various disorders like thyroid and Cancer.

2) Biopatent term refers to the where bio means " life " and patent means is a personal

property of inventor and it can be solid where patent consists of three

• parts - grant (aggrement with the inventor),
• specification (subject matter of invention) and
• claims (scope of invention to be protected).

So , Biopatent is a biological patent are awarded for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, genetically modified strains, DNA sequences, biotechnological processes, product processes, product and product applications. Biopatent gives a legal permissy to the

patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing protected invention for a limited period of time.

- Basmati grain and natures neem products goods are some examples of biopatents. but ‘Pseudomonas’ is a first genetically engineered bacterium which was taken for pertaining.

3) The difference between Blastula and Gastrula are in the following :-

• Gastrula is a multicellular embryo formed during gratulation of stage of embryogenesis which forms forming the three germ layers: the endoderm (the deepest layer), the mesoderm (the middle layer), and the ectoderm (the surface layer) and .Gastrulation takes place after cleavage and the formation of the blastula.Gastrulation is arguably the most important evolutionary innovation in the animal. it lacks zona pellucida and contain more cell then Blastula, is a result of slow mitosis

• Blastula is structure formed from a single-layered ball of cells called a blastula which precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form during first stage of embryogenesis and blastula reorganizes into two primary germ layers: an inner layer, called endoderm, and an outer layer, called ectoderm . it the product of the repeated cell division, or cleavage, of a fertilized egg. it contain zona pellucida and 128 cells are present , is a result of rapid mitosis.

4) Heterochromatin and Euchromatin. is a type of chromatin synthesized of nucleosome and euchromatin and heterochromatin are visible more distinctly during the interphase stage of the cell division.

• Heterochromatin are tightly packed chromatin consist of condesend condensed DNA and is found at the periphery of the nucleus eukaryotes only. Heterochromatic regions, which tend to be rich with adenine and thymine (AT-rich) DNA and relatively gene-poor, stain more darkly in G-banding.

• Euchromatin is located in the inner body of the nucleus of prokaryotic as well as in eukaryotic cells . the area of the chromosome which is rich in gene concentration and actively participates in the transcription process