class 7 history ch3 extra question please tell me
Answers
Answer:
Q1. Name the five dynasties that together made the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer: The five dynasties that together made Delhi Sultanate are
• Mamluk dynasty (1206 - 1290)
• Khalji dynasty (1290 - 1320)
• Tughluq dynasty (1320 - 1414)
• Sayyid dynasty (1414 - 1451)
• Lodi dynasty (1451 - 1489)
Q2. Why did the authors of tawarikh write their histories for Sultans?
Answer: The authors of tawarikh were learned men. They were secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers who recounted events as well as advised rulers on governance, emphasising the importance of just rule. They used to write histories in praise of rich rewards.
Q3. What is the literal meaning of mosque?
Answer: A mosque is called a masjid in Arabic, literally a place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah. In a “congregational mosque” (masjid-i jami or jama masjid) Muslims read their prayers (namaz) together.
Q4. What were the duties of the muqtis?
Answer: The duty of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas. In exchange for their military services, the muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. They also paid their soldiers from these revenues.
Q5. What is Garrison Town?
Answer: It is a fortified settlement with soldiers.
Q6. What is hinterland?
Answer: The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.
Q7. Who was Raziyya?
Answer: Raziyya was Sultan Iltutmish's daughter. She became Sultan in 1236.
Q8. Name the three types of taxes collected during the Sultanate period?
Answer: Three types of taxes -
• on cultivation called kharaj and amounting to about 50 per cent of the peasant’s produce,
• on cattle
• on houses
Q9. Give an account of Alauddin's administrative measures.
Answer:
→ Delhi was attacked twice, in 1299/1300 and 1302-1303. As a defensive measure, Alauddin Khalji raised a large standing army.
→ Alauddin constructed a new garrison town named Siri for his soldiers.
→ The soldiers had to be fed. This was done through the produce collected as tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. Tax was fixed at 50 per cent of the peasant’s yield.
→ The soldiers had to be paid. Alauddin chose to pay his soldiers salaries in cash rather than iqtas. The soldiers would buy their supplies from merchants in Delhi and it was thus feared that merchants would raise their prices. To stop this, Alauddin controlled the prices of goods in Delhi. Prices were carefully surveyed by officers, and merchants who did not sell at the prescribed rates were punished.
→ Alauddin’s administrative measures were quite successful and chroniclers praised his reign for its cheap prices and efficient supplies of goods in the market. He successfully withstood the threat of Mongol invasions.
Q10. Give an account of Muhammed Tughluq's administration.
Answer:
• The Sultanate was attacked in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign. The Mongol army was defeated. Muhammad Tughluq was confident about the strength of his army and his resources to plan an attack on Transoxiana. He therefore raised a large standing army.
→ Rather than constructing a new garrison town, the oldest of the four cities of Delhi (Dehli-i Kuhna) was emptied of its residents and the soldiers garrisoned there. The residents of the old city were sent to the new capital of Daulatabad in the south.
→ Produce from the same area was collected as tax to feed the army. But to meet the expense of maintaining such a large number of soldiers the Sultan levied additional taxes. This coincided with famine in the area.
→ Muhammad Tughluq also paid his soldiers cash salaries. But instead of controlling prices, he used a “token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency, but made out of cheap metals, not gold and silver. People in the fourteenth century did not trust these coins. They were very smart: they saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state with this token currency. This cheap currency could also be counterfeited easily.
→ Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure. His campaign into Kashmir was a disaster. He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded his large army. Meanwhile, his administrative measures created complications. The shifting of people to Daulatabad was resented. The raising of taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion. And finally, the “token” currency had to be recalled.