class 7 NCERT notes history ch.2 "new kings and kingdom" last 'inscription and text'.
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The Emergence of New Dynasties
By the 7th century, there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.
Existing kings often acknowledged them as their samantas or subordinates.
They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords and provide them with military support.
The main ruling dynasties were Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas and Chahamans in North India and the Chola, Pandyas and
Chalukyas in South India.
Administration in the Kingdoms
The kings at apex adopted big titles like Maharaja-adhiraja.
The kings shared power with their samanras, and with an association of peasants, traders and Brahmanas.
Resources were obtained from the producers who were persuaded to surrender part of what they produced.
These resources were used to finance the king’s establishment and construct temples and forts.
Functionaries for collecting revenue were recruited from influential families.
Prashashtis and Land Grants
Prashashtis tells us how rulers wanted to depict themselves as valiant and victorious warriors.
The kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land. These were recorded on copper plates, which were given to those who received the land.
Warfare for Wealth
For centuries Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala’s dynasties fought for control over Kannauj.
The long drawn conflict is known as a tripartite struggle as three parties were involved in it.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni raided the subcontinent seventeen times between AD 1000—AD 1025. His sole purpose was to plunder the wealth of India. He looted temples like Somnath, Gujarat, Mahmud entrusted a scholar named al-Biruni to write an account of the subcontinent.
Other kings engaged in warfare were Chauhan, who ruled over the region around Delhi and Ajmer.
Chauhans were engaged in conflict with Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Gahadavalas of western UR
Prithviraj III was a popular Chauhan ruler who defeated Afghan ruler Ghori in 1191 but lost to him in 1192.
The Cholas
Cholas were from a small family of Uraiyur. The successors of Vijayalaya conquered neighbouring regions and the kingdom grew in size and power.
Rajaraja I was considered the most powerful Chola ruler and expanded control over most of these areas.
His son Rajendra I, conquered Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia.
Cholas were big temple builders. Two famous temples were in Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram.
Agriculture was well developed along with various methods of irrigation.
Settlements of peasants called or became prosperous with the spread of irrigation in agriculture. The village council and the Nadu performed several administrative functions
Association of traders known as nagarams also performed administrative functions in the town.
Inscriptions also mention about sabha. The Sabha had separate committees to look after irrigation works, gardens, temples, etc.
During the period of seventh and twelfth centuries, many new dynasties emerged in different parts of the subcontinent.
The new rulers were previously the big landlords or warriors working under the existing kings as subordinates or samantas. They gradually gained power and wealth and thereafter declared themselves to be maha-Samanta, maha-mandleshwar (the great lord of the circle or region). They were now independent lords.