class X geography agriculture short summary
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Types of Farming
The cultivation methods depend upon the characteristics of the physical environment, technological know-how and socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type. In different parts of India, the following farming systems are practised.
Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. It is known by different names in different parts of the country. It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states.
Land productivity is low in this type of agriculture.
This type of farming depends on monsoon.
This farming is practised in few parts of India.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.
It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for higher production.
Commercial Farming
This type of farming uses higher doses of modern inputs such as high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain higher productivity.
Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as a raw material in industries.
Eg: Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana.
Cropping Pattern
India has three cropping seasons:
Rabi
Kharif
Zaid
Rabi Kharif Zaid
Sowing Season Winter from October to December Beginning of the rainy season between April and May In between the rabi and the Kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season (in the months of March to July)
Harvesting Season Summer from
April to June
September-October
Important Crops Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram and Mustard. Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur (Arhar),
Moong, Urad, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut and
Soyabean.
Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber,
Vegetables and Fodder crops
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Major Crops in India
A variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of India depending upon the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practices. Major crops grown in India are:
Rice
Wheat
Millets
Pulses
Tea
Coffee
Sugarcane
oil seeds
Cotton
Jute
We will discuss all of these one by one, in detail.
Rice
It is a kharif crop.
It requires high temperature and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
Wheat
This is a rabi crop.
It requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan are two main wheat-growing zones in India.
It is the second most important cereal crop and main food crop, in the north and north-western part of India.
Millets
Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.
These are known as coarse grains and have very high nutritional value.
Jowar Bajra Ragi
3rd most important food crop with respect to area and production. Grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. It is a crop of dry regions.
It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas. Grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.
Mainly produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Major producing states are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. Major producing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains. High temperature is required for its growth.
It is an important industrial raw material Natural Silk is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves Cotton grows
well in black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
Some Initiatives taken by the Government are:
Schemes introduced by Government such as Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on the radio and television were introduced.
The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy, Employment and Output
In 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm sector.
The share of agriculture in the GDP is declining.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc. are a few of the initiatives introduced by the government to improve Indian agriculture
Short summary For geography agriculture class X is attached.
