classification of extension teaching methods according to invididual, group and March apoarch.
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Module 3. Extension learning and teaching process
Lesson 10
EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS
10.1 Introduction
Extension teaching methods are the tools & techniques used to create situations in which communication can take place between the rural people & the extension professionals. These are the methods of imparting new knowledge & skills to the rural people by drawing their attention towards such technologies, thereby arousing their interest and helping them to have a successful experience of the new practice. A proper understanding of these methods and their selection for a particular type of work is necessary.
10.2 Classification of Extension Teaching Methods
10.2.1 According to use
One way of classifying the extension methods is according to their use & nature of contact vis-a-vis interpersonal, group and mass communication. Based upon the nature of contact, they are classified into following categories:
10.2.1.1 Individual-contact methods
Extension methods under this category provide opportunities for face-to-face or person-to-person contact between the rural people and the extension professionals. These methods are very effective in teaching new skills and creating goodwill between farmers and the extension professionals.
10.2.1.2 Group-contact methods
Under this category, the rural people or farmers are contacted in a group which usually consists of 20 to 25 persons. These groups are usually formed around a common interest. These methods also involve a face-to-face contact with the people and provide an opportunity for the exchange of ideas, for discussions on problems and technical recommendations. In this way, the future course of action is finalized.
10.2.1.3 Mass or community-contact methods
An extension professional has to approach a large number of people for disseminating information and helping them to use it. This can be done through mass-contact methods conveniently. These methods are more useful for making people aware of the new technologies, quickly.
Table 10.1 Classification of extension-teaching methods according to their use
Individual contacts
Group contacts
Mass contacts
Farm & home visits
Method and result demonstration
Print media (viz. Newspapers, magazines, leaflets, posters, pamphlets, circular letters bulletins)
Office calls
Group meetings, discussions
Electronic media (viz. Radio, television, cell-phones)
Telephone calls
Conferences, seminars, workshops, etc.
Internet-based media
Personal letters
Field trips, field days, campaign
Exhibitions, dairy mela
10.2.2 According to form
Extension teaching methods are also classified according to their forms, such as written, spoken & audio-visual. Some of the important methods under each of these 3 categories are listed in table 10.2.
Table 10.2 Classification of extension-teaching methods according to their form
Written
Spoken
Object or visual
Bulletins
General & special meetings
Result demonstrations
Leaflets, folders, news articles
Farm & home visits
Demonstration plots
Personal letters
Official calls
Motion-pictures or movies, charts
Circular letters
Telephone calls, radio
Slides & film-strips, models, exhibits
A brief description of some of the extension methods which are commonly used by extension professionals is given below:
10.2.2.1 Farm & home visit
Farm & home visit constitutes the direct or face-to-face contact by an extension professional with the farmer or the members of his family. During these visits, information is exchanged or discussed. The visits may be to get acquainted with the problems of the farmers. Such visits provide an opportunity for a two-way communication.
10.2.2.2 Method demonstration
It is used to show the technique of doing things or carrying out new practices e.g. clean milk production, paneer making, ghee making, etc. This method is usually used for groups of people.
10.2.2.3 Result demonstration
Result demonstration is meant for proving the advantages of recommended practices and to demonstrate their applicability to the local conditions. It is conducted by a farmer under the direct supervision of an extension professional. It is designed to teach others, in addition to the person who conducts the demonstration. It helps the farmers to learn by seeing & doing. This method can be used to show the superiority of practices, such as dahi culture, value addition, hygienic handling of animals, etc.
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Answer:
Extension Teaching Methods may be defined as the devices used to create situations in which communication can take place between the instructor and the learner or Teacher and student or Extension worker and the rural people etc.
Extension Teaching Methods are classified in U.S.A as According to Use and According to Form.
Classification According to use: They are classified as
Individual contacts
Farm and home visits
Office calls
Telephone calls
Personal letters
Result demonstrations
Group contacts
Method demonstration meetings
Leader training meetings
Lecture meetings
Conferences and discussion meetings
Meetings at result demonstration
Tours
Schools
Miscellaneous meetings
Mass contacts
Bulletins
Leaflets
News stories
Circular letters
Radio
Television
Exhibits
Posters
ACCORDING TO FORM: Extension-teaching methods are also classified according to their forms, such as written, spoken & audio-visual.
According to Form
Written
Bulletins
Leaflets
News articles
personal letters
circular letters
Spoken
General and special meetings of all kinds
Farm and home visits
Office calls
Telephone calls
Radio
Visual or objective
Result demonstrations
Exhibits
Posters
Motion pictures
Charts, slides and other visual aids
Spoken and visual
Method demonstration meetings
Meetings at result demonstrations
Meetings involving motion pictures
Charts and other visual aids
Television
All these methods listed above have indirect influence on the learners. In addition to the conscious dissemination of information through the various methods listed above, the indirect (or natural) spread of information, resulting from specific activities and from the total teaching effort is very substantial. This is known as INDIRECT INFLUENCE